tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18840936999002297272024-03-14T01:20:08.633-07:00My Original IdeaSpiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-53450384466766760302018-10-10T19:31:00.001-07:002018-10-18T19:09:32.204-07:00Prediksi Rupiah Di Atas Rp 16.000,00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Pada tanggal 1 Januari 2019 diprediksi rupiah mencapai Rp 16.446,93, ini didasarkan pada perhitungan </div>
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B - A = lower 2 - lower 1 = 12.858,34 - 11.214,31 = 1.644,03</div>
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Maka prediksi rupiah pada upper + 1.644,03 = 14.802,90 + 1.644,03 = 16.446,93.</div>
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Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-12371434279573683052018-09-18T02:27:00.002-07:002018-09-18T02:28:35.024-07:00Speed of Light In Quran<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-90073467054301121382018-07-16T23:59:00.003-07:002018-07-16T23:59:41.934-07:00MY CARTOONS 4 GEERT WILDERS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 73.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 22.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #3f3f40; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 30.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dutch anti-Islam party to hold Prophet
Mohammad cartoon competition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBqLbDtrg6DH9jBwZWzN3A3fX7S4rCqiftT6ZKWxspwENqGgSdRYlmKS1mbdOR0nTT3u_FamMfhnmXhNGaYVTBe_33GaOHpaKgQ2RXMfxVamAw99whGmKfVFjBjEisji9z2BVq0zYdaE/s1600/cartoon2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="888" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBqLbDtrg6DH9jBwZWzN3A3fX7S4rCqiftT6ZKWxspwENqGgSdRYlmKS1mbdOR0nTT3u_FamMfhnmXhNGaYVTBe_33GaOHpaKgQ2RXMfxVamAw99whGmKfVFjBjEisji9z2BVq0zYdaE/s640/cartoon2.png" width="595" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #292221; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">AN ANTI-ISLAM party is to hold a competition to draw cartoons
depicting Prophet Mohammad, a move that is set to create outrage among the most
fervent Muslims in the country.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Dutch anti-Islam politician </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Geert Wilders</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> is to hold a Prophet
Muhammad cartoon competition at his party’s parliamentary offices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">The Party for Freedom (PVV), which
has previously called for the Quran to be banned, said the contest had been
approved by the country’s counter-terrorism agency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Drawings will be judged by
American cartoonist Bosch Fawstin, winner of a similar competition in Texas
three years ago that was targeted by two Muslim gunmen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Many Muslims consider images of </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Prophet Muhammad</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> to
be blasphemous, and cartoons depicting him have previously provoked violent
responses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">“Freedom of speech is threatened,
especially for Islam critics,” Mr Wilders said. “We should never accept that.
Freedom of speech is our most important freedom.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">The far-right MP claims Islam is a totalitarian political
ideology rather than a religion. He has previously </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">called for mosques and Islamic
schools to be shut down</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">and for a blanket ban on Muslim immigrants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">In 2016 he was convicted of
inciting hatred and discrimination after asking supporters whether they wanted
“fewer or more Moroccans” in their country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">When the crowd shouted back
“fewer”, a smiling Mr Wilders answered: “Then we’ll fix it.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">The PVV, which is the leading
opposition party in the Netherlands after coming second in elections last
March, said the cartoon competition would be held in the autumn after getting
the go-ahead from the NCTV counter-terrorism agency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">The party is offering a €5,000
(£4,400) prize for the winner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">“Muslims can be offended to death.
That’s not the problem,” tweeted Mr Fawstin, who is publishing a book of
cartoons of the prophet. “Muslims MURDERING over cartoons is the problem. And
that has to be defied by drawing Mohammad.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Two gunmen from Arizona were shot
dead by police as they tried to storm the 2015 competition won by the
cartoonist in Garland, Texas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">That contest was held four months after </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Islamist gunmen murdered 12
people</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> at the Paris offices of the French satirical
newspaper </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Charlie
Hebdo</span></em><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">, which had printed cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">In 2005, the Danish newspaper <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Jyllands-Posten </span></i>provoked
protests across the world and riots in some Muslim countries by publishing
several cartoons of Muhammad, including one depicting the prophet with a
bomb in his turban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">The newspaper’s editor had invited
submissions from illustrators in what he described as an examination of Islam
and self-censorship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Source: reuters, independent,
express<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-52128205735811454032017-01-29T00:57:00.000-08:002017-08-26T05:57:23.326-07:00ALIEN IN ISLAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We will explain
the stars in the universe before discussing extraterrestrials. How many stars
are there in the universe?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #984806; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">How Many Stars Are In The Universe?</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By Elizabeth Howell</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It's easier to
count stars when they are inside galaxies, since that's where they tend to
cluster. To even begin to estimate the number of stars, then you would need to
estimate the number of galaxies and come up with some sort of an average.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some estimates
peg the Milky Way's star mass as having 100 billion "solar masses,"
or 100 billion times the mass of the sun. Averaging out the types of stars
within our galaxy, this would produce an answer of about 100 billion stars
in the galaxy. This is subject to change, however, depending on how many stars
are bigger and smaller than our own sun. Also, other estimates say the Milky
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The number of
galaxies is an astonishing number, however, as shown by some imaging
experiments performed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Several times over
the years, the telescope has pointed a detector at a tiny spot in the sky to
count galaxies, performing the work again after the telescope was upgraded by
astronauts during the shuttle era.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A 1995 exposure
of a small spot in Ursa Major revealed about 3,000 faint galaxies. In 2003-4,
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constellation Fornax and found 10,000 galaxies. An even more detailed
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kornreich used a
very rough estimate of 10 trillion galaxies in the universe. Multiplying that
by the Milky Way's estimated 100 billion stars results in a large number
indeed: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars, or a "1" with 24
zeros after it. Kornreich emphasized that number is likely a gross
underestimation, as more detailed looks at the universe will show even more
galaxies.</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.space.com/26078-how-many-stars-are-there.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read More</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMSxy-32gLDtkJfa6x0fRaL7LGTpMb3J7gAz5KS8j3j2NZRQb-0LOZ6Iu2UyiDqT9yTN1mbRDpcSmAkPI_p5LhRumw95Y5FS2NKytypCHQftYZIlNGaE7zh0oMfXt3vxaPPF9Lv9fQ8Xw/s1600/NASA1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1192" data-original-width="1600" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMSxy-32gLDtkJfa6x0fRaL7LGTpMb3J7gAz5KS8j3j2NZRQb-0LOZ6Iu2UyiDqT9yTN1mbRDpcSmAkPI_p5LhRumw95Y5FS2NKytypCHQftYZIlNGaE7zh0oMfXt3vxaPPF9Lv9fQ8Xw/s320/NASA1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photo by NASA</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #984806; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">How Many Stars are There in the Universe?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by
Fraser Cain</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When we look at
the night sky, filled with stars, it’s hard to resist counting. Just with the <i>unaided
eye</i>, in dark skies, you can see a few thousand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How many stars
are there in the entire Universe? Before we get to that massive number, let’s
consider what you can count with the tools available to you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perfect vision in
dark skies allows us to see stars down to about magnitude 6. But to really make
an accurate census of the total number of stars, you’d need to travel to both
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, since only part of the sky is visible
from each portion of the Earth. Furthermore, you’d need to make your count over
several months, since a portion of the sky is obscured by the Sun. If you had
perfect eyesight and traveled to completely dark skies in both the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres, and there was no Moon, you might be able to get to count
up almost 9,000 stars.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With a good pair
of binoculars, that number jumps to about 200,000, since you can observe stars
down to magnitude 9. A small telescope, capable of resolving magnitude 13 stars
will let you count up to 15 million stars. Large observatories could resolve
billions of stars.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But how many
stars are out there? How many stars are there in the Milky Way?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to
astronomers, our Milky Way is an average-sized barred spiral galaxy measuring
up to 120,000 light-years across. Our Sun is located about 27,000 light-years
from the galactic core in the Orion arm. Astronomers estimate that the Milky
Way contains up to 400 billion stars of various sizes and brightness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few are
supergiants, like Betelgeuse or Rigel. Many more are average-sized stars like
our Sun. The vast majority of stars in the Milky Way are red dwarf stars; dim,
low mass, with a fraction of the brightness of our Sun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As we peer
through our telescopes, we can see fuzzy patches in the sky which astronomers
now know are other galaxies like our Milky Way. These massive structures can
contain more or less stars than our own Milky Way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are spiral
galaxies out there with more than a trillion stars, and giant elliptical
galaxies with 100 trillion stars.<br />
And there are tiny dwarf galaxies with a fraction of our number of stars.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So how many
galaxies are there?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to
astronomers, there are probably more than 170 billion galaxies in the
observable Universe, stretching out into a region of space 13.8 billion
light-years away from us in all directions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And so, if you
multiply the number of stars in our galaxy by the number of galaxies in the Universe,
you get approximately 10<sup>24</sup> stars. That’s a 1 followed by twenty-four
zeros.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That’s a
septillion stars.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.universetoday.com/102630/how-many-stars-are-there-in-the-universe/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read More</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvah6p7A_NQx7IwMZoRf673RsbtEkvUzsi6Iqzo-NJmagtYWnwtIsz06ianmR_4ZVI9kafZN4lECbWBIc3ud6lBTuCm14PDaQLKvXvtrhD0pgkTIOy9FEk6CdqAK5zVDu_49fv_jVwgKc/s1600/NASA2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1600" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvah6p7A_NQx7IwMZoRf673RsbtEkvUzsi6Iqzo-NJmagtYWnwtIsz06ianmR_4ZVI9kafZN4lECbWBIc3ud6lBTuCm14PDaQLKvXvtrhD0pgkTIOy9FEk6CdqAK5zVDu_49fv_jVwgKc/s320/NASA2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photo by NASA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If one galaxy there is one life, then in the
universe there is life, as much as the number of galaxies. Or </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10 trillion galaxies in the universe. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
is in accordance with the Qur'an, which reads:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَثَّ
فِيهِمَا مِن دَابَّةٍ وَهُوَ عَلَى جَمْعِهِمْ إِذَا يَشَاء قَدِير</span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Translated by Malik:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Among His signs is the creation of the
heavens and the earth, and the living creatures that He has spread in both of
them: and He is capable of gathering them all together whenever He wants.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Translated by Pickthall: ”And of His portents
is the creation of the heaven and the earth, and of whatever beasts He hath
dispersed therein. And He is Able to gather them when He will.”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Translated by Yusuf Ali: “And among His Signs
is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the living creatures that He
has scattered through them: and He has power to gather them together when He
wills.”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Of the three translations can be taken
one opinion, man for the living on earth and alien beyond the earth (the
heaven). </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since
1400 years ago, the Qur'an has explained the existence of aliens outside our
earth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where does the alien live?</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #984806; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Yes, Bacteria Can Live in the
Freezer</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by </span></i><a href="http://www.realnatural.org/category/books/" title="Posts by Case Adams, Naturopath"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Case Adams</span></i></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some time ago
someone near to me made the bold statement, ‘bacteria can’t live in the
freezer!’ Or something to that effect anyway.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Sorry, but yes
they can,” said I, as I took another bite of my ice cream.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In fact, many of
us assume this – that bacteria and other pathogenic microbes – indeed cannot
survive in freezing environments. We assume that bacteria cannot survive in
frozen food or freezers.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Extremophiles and psychrophiles</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not only are
there a whole host of bacteria that regularly dwell in unlikely places. Those
that live in very hot or high pressure climes are called extremophiles. And
those that live in freezing environments are called psychrophiles. But there
are also many species of rigorous pathogenic bacteria living around us in
normal climes that will also survive the freezer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yes, it appears
rare that frozen food will be contaminated. Freezing temperatures certainly
dissuade bacterial contamination because these temperatures freeze water, and
hydrophilic (water loving) bacteria need water to be free-flowing to get their
hydration needed to form strong biofilms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And they need to
eat too. Frozen environments often limit off available food sources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But certainly, if
there is food available in the form of sugar or other food source, many
bacteria can not only survive the freezer, but may colonize within a frozen
food.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now if the food
happens to be contaminated before freezing, and that food also supplies the
food for bacteria to grow – especially sugar but also dairy or other animal
product – that bacteria can live.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWXQL4bcLuEiTfQFGkBcchv1dmQ-i5_Wb8mfC29UnwPkXKS5V3ilhk30XmyXW6O9IFyPD596mOvGSikmLEO517pjCV-uoj0xOPNPBZMR1tWE8nPECfxheVFnt855aUiUxFXFQQfajRwz4/s1600/MAK3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1192" data-original-width="1600" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWXQL4bcLuEiTfQFGkBcchv1dmQ-i5_Wb8mfC29UnwPkXKS5V3ilhk30XmyXW6O9IFyPD596mOvGSikmLEO517pjCV-uoj0xOPNPBZMR1tWE8nPECfxheVFnt855aUiUxFXFQQfajRwz4/s320/MAK3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photo by Pauline Mak</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.realnatural.org/yes-bacteria-can-live-in-the-freezer/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read More</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What is the hottest temperature life can survive?</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #215868; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">By Jasmin Fox-Skelly</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In remote eastern
Siberia, hundreds of active volcanoes rise above a rocky landscape dotted with
thousands of bubbling hot springs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Russians call the
region the ‘land in the making’ because of the rate at which the volcanoes
churn out molten rock. That new ‘land’ of the Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the
most inhospitable regions on any of Earth’s continents.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But it is not
lifeless. In the hot, toxic water of those bubbling springs lurk all manner of
strange microbes – some even content to live in water just a shade below 100C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More of these
“extremophiles” are coming to light every few years. This is good news, not
just for the scientists who study them, but also for a variety of industrial
processes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kamchatka is so
remote that it takes more than nine hours to fly there from Moscow. It is one
of the most volcanically active places on Earth and forms part of the Pacific
“Ring of Fire”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the hot, toxic
water of those bubbling springs lurk all manner of strange microbes </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To truly experience
the beauty of the region – a UNESCO World Heritage site – you must travel by
helicopter. Few scientists have made the journey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elizaveta_Bonch-Osmolovskaya2"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elizaveta
Bonch-Osmolovskaya</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, has been visiting Kamchatka
regularly since 1982. Most of her expeditions have been to the Uzon Caldera, a
region in Kronotsky National Park that formed when a volcano collapsed 200,000
years ago.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The caldera is
now like a bowl ringed by mountains, and it is filled with hundreds of hot
springs, geysers and mud pots strewn across five thermal fields and heated by
tumultuous geothermal activity deep in the bowels of the Earth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rock is rich
in arsenic, phosphorus, copper, lead, antimony, and even gold. Geothermal
gases, including methane, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide leak
out to the Earth’s surface, or bubble up in hot springs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The place is very
dangerous: you can easily fall into the boiling clay or inhale poisonous fumes.
But for many microbes this is home – and for biologists who study such
extremophiles, Uzon is a perfect place to work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most organisms
could not survive in the hot springs </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The journey to
Uzon, by helicopter, takes two hours. “There are no roads,” says
Bonch-Osmolovskaya. “Each time we stayed there for one or two weeks, and of
course we had to bring everything with us – food, fuel for cooking, laboratory
equipment. At first there were two wooden houses for us to stay in, but then
they were destroyed and we all lived in tents. Now there is a house again where
people can live and work.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In September
2005, 20 Russian and US scientists travelled together to the Uzon Caldera for a
five-year Joint Russian-American expedition headed by Juergen Wiegel from the
University of Georgia. Researchers constructed the Kamchatka Microbial
Observatory, a natural laboratory for studying extremophiles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most organisms
could not survive in the hot springs, says Frank Robb at the University of
Maryland in Baltimore. “Temperatures at or near boiling basically cook normal
biological material and destroy proteins, lipids and genetic material.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But high
temperatures are not the only problem faced by organisms in the springs. Some
pools are very acidic, close to pH2, whilst others are very alkaline and go up
to pH10.5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You can easily
fall into the boiling clay or inhale poisonous fumes </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The waters can be
very salty, and many pools are rich in potassium, boric acid, silicic acid and
sulphate. There is little oxygen in the pools, as at high temperatures less
oxygen can dissolve in water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conditions are so
challenging that no complex organisms can survive them. Animals generally
struggle when they are exposed to temperatures much above 50C – true even of
the Pink Pompeii worms that live next to deep-sea hydrothermal vents spewing
out water at 400C onto the ocean floor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most living
creatures that thrive in extremely hot environments are single-celled bacteria
or archaea. These are the simplest life forms on Earth, and probably the
oldest. They consist of just one cell and lack the more sophisticated cell
machinery that more advanced organisms have.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keen to learn
more about the types of creatures found in the boiling pools, and making sure
to keep a lookout for the occasional bear, the international team of scientists
has collected samples and analysed the DNA they contain for clues to the
microbes’ extreme resilience. When exploring the hydrothermal fields, the
scientists wore thick rubber boots up to the thigh, just in case they
accidentally broke through the crust to the boiling water below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many of them can
grow using carbon monoxide, which is normally an extremely toxic gas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They found a
whole host of microorganisms, including entirely new species never seen before.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247813"><i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desulfurella acetivorans</span></i></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, for instance, is a bacterium that
thrives in pools at 58C. It feeds on organic acetate in the pool. Rather than
breathing oxygen, these microbes get their energy from volcanic sulphur through
a process known as sulphur reduction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then there is </span><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00248836#page-1"><i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thermoproteus uzoniensis</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> This new species of archaea was found
thriving in the hot springs, steam vents, mud holes and soils in the Uzon
Caldera and Geyser Valley.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rod-shaped
microbes can survive in waters close to boiling point by feeding on the
fermented remains of organic molecules called peptides. They also use sulphur
reduction for energy. Scientists believe that strains of closely related <i>T.
uzoniensis</i> are so common across the region because they are being carried
between pools by wind, water, birds or even bears.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155973"><i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acidilobus aceticus</span></i></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is so named because of the extreme
acidity – pH2 – of the hot spring in which it was found. The acidic water was
also very hot, at 92C. The microbe feeds on fermented starch and, again, uses
sulphur to power its metabolism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is not just
sulphur ‘breathing’ microbes that thrive in hot pools and geysers, though.
Bacteria growing on other volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and iron and nitrates were also found.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The scientists
wore thick rubber boots up to the thigh, just in case they accidentally broke
through the crust to the boiling water below </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We found a great
many different species of thermophilic [heat adapted] bacteria from Kamchatka,”
says Robb. “An unusual feature of the system is that many of them can grow
using carbon monoxide, which is normally an extremely toxic gas.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The biggest and
hottest pool in the Uzon Caldera is the Bourlyashchy Pool. The name is Russian
for ‘bubbling’, and is so called because of the gases that are constantly being
released from it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 97C it is the
hottest thermal environment ever studied for signs of life on land. But in one
of the most recent expeditions to the site, researchers found a large number of
microbes living there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many of the
bacteria found in the pool were of the order Aquificales, which have also been
found in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park in the western US. The
microorganisms get their energy from hydrogen in the pool.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not all of the
microbes in Kamchatka are new species. Some have been seen before, in hot
springs in Yellowstone, Iceland and New Zealand. These tiny life forms have
carved out a niche for themselves in Earth’s hottest and most inhospitable
environs, but what allows them to do so?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The bacteria and
archaea found in Kamchatka – and in other hot springs around the world – have
unique adaptations that allow them to thrive at high temperatures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The world record
for surviving hot temperatures has been raised several times now </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Normally the
lipid membranes which encase living cells fall apart above 50C, as the ester
bonds between the fats break down. Some hot spring microbes get around the
problem by using special ether bonds instead of esters, which are sturdier and
more robust.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That is just the
start, though. Proteins and enzymes that power all the chemical reactions
inside cells denature and unravel at high temperatures, as does DNA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The microbes have
found ways to deal with the problem. Special sequences of amino acids appear to
reinforce the proteins and protect them, whilst charged particles called ions
buried inside the proteins may also make them more stable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another weapon in
the thermophilic bacteria’s arsenal is a special category of molecules called
heat shock proteins. These act as molecular chaperones and prevent proteins
that have unravelled from sticking together. They also actively refold proteins
that have collapsed from the heat, allowing the proteins to start functioning
again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is also
evidence that proteins in thermophilic microbes are more densely packed and
compact than normal, which protects them from unravelling. And there may be
extra bonds between different parts of each protein’s intricate 3D structure,
helping to make the molecule more stable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The microbe
thrives at 121C and there are claims that it can even survive for two hours at
130C </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Together, these
strategies allow some microbes to push against the boundaries we once thought
were vital for life to survive. The world record for surviving hot temperatures
has been raised several times now.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few years ago
it was held by <i>Pyrolobus fumarii, </i>a species of archaea found in a black
smoker hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor in the middle of the Atlantic<i>.
P. fumarii</i> can live perfectly happily in 113C waters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since then,
another group of scientists has found a microbe from deep-sea vents that is
able to survive at 122C. And there are hints that even this is not the ultimate
limit for life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A new microbe,
for now called “Strain 121”, has since been discovered in a thermal vent deep
in the Pacific Ocean. The microbe thrives at 121C and there are claims that it
can even survive for two hours at 130C. However the finding is still
contentious, as the strain has not been made publicly available to study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Thermophilic
microorganisms have special mechanisms that allow their biopolymers (proteins
and nucleic acids) to maintain their structure and functionality at high
temperatures,” explains Bonch-Osmolovskaya. “Membranes of thermophiles are also
different, those of bacteria contain more saturated fatty acids, while in
archaea the stability of membranes is caused by the presence of special lipids
called isoprenoid ethers.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160209-this-is-how-to-survive-if-you-spend-your-life-in-boilin-water"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read More</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photo by </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Igor
Shpilenok</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">From the above information
shows that microorganisms that can live in frozen areas and also microorganisms
can live in hot areas. Frozen areas and very hot areas, humans can not live. Humans
can live in cool area or zone with 20 – 40 degree Celsius. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
is in accordance with the Qur'an, which reads:</span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاء كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا
يُؤْمِنُونَ</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“And made from water
every living thing? Then will they not believe?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Qur'an explains that humans and aliens live in water areas. Or an area with
temperature 20 to 40 degrees Celsius. It means alien can live on planets like
earth outside our solar system.This is the picture:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQFFnSJWJGQdkEcNFGVIDKpOVtVW7tiYD1u64fyikL9lTu4StQU5J1zw137krK87-ix7sQtOoXisykLGAbmvGjZ_V5RH0JjR2XR_qUHv-ZCLECAuPXoyvoP80wLeSwFejxjCgUgL9d0qA/s1600/ZONE5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="450" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQFFnSJWJGQdkEcNFGVIDKpOVtVW7tiYD1u64fyikL9lTu4StQU5J1zw137krK87-ix7sQtOoXisykLGAbmvGjZ_V5RH0JjR2XR_qUHv-ZCLECAuPXoyvoP80wLeSwFejxjCgUgL9d0qA/s320/ZONE5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Photo</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">Conclusion:</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Qur'an explains that:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Human for the living on earth and
alien beyond the earth (the heaven).</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>live on water zone or planets like earth <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with temperature 20 – 40 degree Celsius and outside
our solar system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<b><span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="">Summary</span></span></b><br />
The water zone of planet is key of alien.<br />
What's the water zone of planet?<br />
The water zone of planet is planet where organism or alien can live<br />
<br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By Muchsin Faisol Effendie</span></i></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-59758023358237221302013-10-05T06:28:00.000-07:002013-10-13T21:22:32.790-07:00MAGLEV<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Design of Maglev Motorcycle</b></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Maglev</b> (derived from <b>mag</b>netic <b>lev</b>itation) is a method
of propulsion that uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">magnetic levitation</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propel</a>
vehicles with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnets</a>
rather than with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">wheels, axles and bearings</a>. With maglev, a vehicle
is levitated a short distance away from a guideway using magnets to create both
lift and thrust. High-speed maglev trains promise dramatic improvements for
human travel if widespread adoption occurs.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup>[1]</sup></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Maglev trains move more smoothly and somewhat more quietly than wheeled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transit" title="Mass transit">mass
transit</a> systems. Their non-reliance on friction means that acceleration and
deceleration can surpass that of wheeled transports, and they are unaffected by
weather. The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of
the overall energy consumption;<sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727">[2]</a></sup>
most of the power is used to overcome air resistance (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>),
as with any other high-speed form of transport. Although conventional wheeled
transportation can go very fast, maglev allows routine use of higher top speeds
than conventional rail, and this type holds the speed record for rail
transportation. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_train" title="Vacuum tube train">Vacuum tube train</a> systems might hypothetically
allow maglev trains to attain speeds in a different order of magnitude, but no
such tracks have ever been built.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Compared to conventional wheeled trains, differences in construction affect
the economics of maglev trains. With wheeled trains at very high speeds, the
wear and tear from friction along with the concentrated pounding from wheels on
rails accelerates equipment deterioration and prevents mechanically-based train
systems from routinely achieving higher speeds.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup>[3]</sup></a>
Conversely, maglev tracks have historically been found to be much more
expensive to construct, but require less maintenance and have low ongoing
costs.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Despite decades-long <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>, there are
presently only two commercial maglev transport systems in operation, with two
others under construction.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup>[4]</sup></a>
In April 2004, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>
began commercial operations of the high-speed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a>
system. In March 2005, Japan began operation of the relatively low-speed HSST
"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a>"
line in time for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2005" title="Expo 2005">2005 World Expo</a>. In its first three months, the Linimo
line carried over 10 million passengers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>
and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> are both
building low-speed maglev lines of their own design, one in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and the
other at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon_Airport" title="Incheon Airport">Incheon
Airport</a>. Many maglev projects are controversial, and the technological
potential, adoption prospects and economics of maglev systems have often been
hotly debated. The Shanghai system has been accused of being a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white
elephant</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup>[5]</sup></a></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Technology</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In the public imagination,
"maglev" often evokes the concept of an elevated </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">monorail</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> track
with a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">linear motor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. This can be misleading. While several maglev systems are
monorail designs, not all maglevs use monorails,<sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727">[24]</a></sup>
and not all monorail trains use linear motors or magnetic levitation. Some
railway transport systems incorporate linear motors but only use
electromagnetism for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">propulsion</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, without actually levitating the vehicle. Such trains
(which might also be monorail trains) are wheeled vehicles and not maglev
trains.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[25]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Maglev tracks, monorail or not, can also be constructed at grade (i.e. not
elevated). Conversely, non-maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be elevated too.
Some maglev trains do incorporate wheels and function like linear
motor-propelled wheeled vehicles at slower speeds but "take off" and levitate
at higher speeds.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[26]</span></sup></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[27]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Overview</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNPWF8oIZq-WeEfQ0lvYl8phLAxLQa8wMwxV1oaX1t69CT6iSWYjGvjSmr1FFB3q5d4UwoCMjP-OcL_ZpHwrPzpqzYb3WS28Zm_Z9RmY91-1I2HGDwKADhbCUDI8TSFw3Pi6X1Vgu4v4/s1600/MAGLEV-MOTORBIKE-01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MLX01 Maglev train </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Superconducting magnet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bogie</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The term "maglev" refers
not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically
designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion. All operational
implementations of maglev technology have had minimal overlap with wheeled
train technology and have not been compatible with conventional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_track" title="Rail track"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rail tracks</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
Because they cannot share existing infrastructure, these maglev systems must be
designed as complete transportation systems. The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_Levitation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Applied Levitation (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Applied
Levitation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> SPM maglev system is inter-operable
with steel rail tracks and would permit maglev vehicles and conventional trains
to operate at the same time on the same right of way. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MAN</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> in
Germany also designed a maglev system that worked with conventional rails, but
it was never fully developed.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[28]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">See also </span></i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR%E2%80%93Maglev#Technology" title="JR–Maglev"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">JR-Maglev#Technology</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transrapid#Technology" title="Transrapid"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Transrapid#Technology</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Magnetic levitation</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">There are two particularly notable
types of maglev technology:</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">electromagnetic
suspension</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (EMS), electronically
controlled electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically
conductive (usually steel) track.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Electrodynamic
suspension</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (EDS) uses superconducting
electromagnets or strong permanent magnets which create a magnetic field
that induces currents in nearby metallic conductors when there is relative
movement which pushes and pulls the train towards the designed levitation
position on the guide way.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Another experimental technology,
which was designed, proven mathematically, peer reviewed, and patented, but is yet
to be built, is the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetodynamic_suspension" title="Magnetodynamic suspension"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">magnetodynamic
suspension</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (MDS), which uses the attractive
magnetic force of a permanent magnet array near a steel track to lift the train
and hold it in place. Other technologies such as repulsive permanent magnets
and superconducting magnets have seen some research.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Electromagnetic
suspension</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Main article: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Electromagnetic
suspension</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In current electromagnetic
suspension (EMS) systems, the train levitates above a steel rail while </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">electromagnets</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. The system is
typically arranged on a series of C-shaped arms, with the upper portion of the
arm attached to the vehicle, and the lower inside edge containing the magnets.
The rail is situated between the upper and lower edges.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Magnetic attraction varies inversely
with the cube of distance, so minor changes in distance between the magnets and
the rail produce greatly varying forces. These changes in force are dynamically
unstable – if there is a slight divergence from the optimum position, the
tendency will be to exacerbate this, and complex systems of feedback control
are required to maintain a train at a constant distance from the track,
(approximately 15 millimeters (0.59 in)).</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[29]</span></sup></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[30]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The major advantage to suspended maglev
systems is that they work at all speeds, unlike electrodynamic systems which
only work at a minimum speed of about 30 km/h (19 mph). This
eliminates the need for a separate low-speed suspension system, and can
simplify the track layout as a result. On the downside, the dynamic instability
of the system puts high demands on tolerance control of the track, which can
offset, or eliminate this advantage. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Laithwaite" title="Eric Laithwaite"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laithwaite</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
highly skeptical of the concept, was concerned that in order to make a track
with the required tolerances, the gap between the magnets and rail would have
to be increased to the point where the magnets would be unreasonably large.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[28]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
In practice, this problem was addressed through increased performance of the
feedback systems, which allow the system to run with close tolerances.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Electrodynamic
suspension</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Main article: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">electrodynamic
suspension</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">JR-Maglev EDS suspension is due to
the magnetic fields induced either side of the vehicle by the passage of the
vehicle's superconducting magnets.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EDS Maglev propulsion via propulsion
coils</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In electrodynamic suspension (EDS),
both the guideway and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is
levitated by the repulsive and attractive force between these magnetic fields.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[31]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
In some configurations, the train can be levitated only by repulsive force. In
the early stages of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR%E2%80%93Maglev" title="JR–Maglev"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">JR-Maglev</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
development in Miyazaki test track, a purely repulsive system was used instead
of the later repulsive and attractive EDS system.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[32]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
There is a misconception that the EDS system is purely a repulsive one, but
that is not true. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either
superconducting magnets (as in JR–Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets
(as in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inductrack</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">). The repulsive and attractive force in the track is
created by an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">induced
magnetic field</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> in wires or other conducting strips
in the track. A major advantage of the EDS maglev systems is that they are
naturally stable – minor <i>narrowing</i> in distance between the track and the
magnets creates strong forces to repel the magnets back to their original
position, while a slight increase in distance greatly reduces the repulsive
force and again returns the vehicle to the right separation.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[28]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
In addition, the attractive force varies in the opposite manner, providing the
same adjustment effects. No feedback control is needed.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EDS systems have a major downside as
well. At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant
magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. For this
reason, the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to
support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation. Since a
train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire
track must be able to support both low-speed and high-speed operation. Another
downside is that the EDS system naturally creates a field in the track in front
and to the rear of the lift magnets, which acts against the magnets and creates
a form of drag. This is generally only a concern at low speeds (This is one of
the reasons why JR abandoned a purely repulsive system and adopted the sidewall
levitation system.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[32]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">);
at higher speeds the effect does not have time to build to its full potential
and other forms of drag dominate.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[28]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The drag force can be used to the
electrodynamic system's advantage, however, as it creates a varying force in
the rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without
the need for a separate reaction plate, as in most linear motor systems.
Laithwaite led development of such "traverse-flux" systems at his </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College" title="Imperial College"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Imperial College</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
laboratory.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1884093699900229727"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[28]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Alternatively, propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on
the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils
that exert a force on the train are effectively a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">linear motor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:
an alternating current through the coils generates a continuously varying
magnetic field that moves forward along the track. The frequency of the
alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset
between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates
a force moving the train forward. (Source: Wikipedia)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">My Design </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN">This is my idea
of maglev motorcycle. Which will be made motorcycle without chain, exhaust,
engine and some other parts.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN">It's the future motorcycle. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-26340218960506491142013-10-02T19:23:00.001-07:002013-10-11T22:04:14.357-07:00UNIVERSE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://createoftheuniverse.blogspot.com/2012/07/creation-of-universe.html">THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE</a></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguH4newHU7ruXzaTrqeLW-k_AKdCO-cio9Y0PJXDAQly3YTd_MscYLpEuB3Sc7G73oN3_xIJ0yc-NnRJVPmaAkmdT22UZEYY1bqa3umn2TnlRicV1Xzw8tMlUsS9odq7RYZZiHclKWYt8/s1600/create-of-the-universe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguH4newHU7ruXzaTrqeLW-k_AKdCO-cio9Y0PJXDAQly3YTd_MscYLpEuB3Sc7G73oN3_xIJ0yc-NnRJVPmaAkmdT22UZEYY1bqa3umn2TnlRicV1Xzw8tMlUsS9odq7RYZZiHclKWYt8/s400/create-of-the-universe.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">There
are theories which deal with the process of the creation of the universe. And
in this letter I would like to write it according to what is said about it in
the Koran. In this holy book, astronomy field dominates the discussion about
physics. I found out that it is randomly discussed (there is no definite order
of one discussion to next ones). That is why I have to pick some words or
paragraphs and put them in certain order according to common sense and some
physics laws.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">One
word in one paragraph or section may have many different meanings. And the key
word in my discussion here is the word heaven (<span style="color: red;">as sama</span>).
The phases of the creation of the universe are related to that word. And in
it’s context, it’s interpreted and connected with astronomy. Misinterpretation
may occur and it is merely caused by my own mistake of my insufficient capabilities
in translations. For that reason, I welcome any constructive and I do hope that
my explanation be useful for all of us.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sincerely
yours,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Muchsin
Faisal Effendie</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">THE
MEANING OF HEAVEN (AS SAMA)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
word heaven (<span style="color: red;">as sama</span>) has both micro and macro
sense. In term of micro sense, heaven means the smallest unit. While in broad
sense, heaven is formed by it’s units. In other words, there are some levels of
heaven in the universe. It can be clarified we follow: atmosphere, heavenly
bodies and the galaxies.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heaven
which means atmosphere, in a narrow sense heaven means sky or layer which
surround the earth. This meaning is found in the following:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
We bring you rain down from heaven” (31:10)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">There
is still other paragraph which means a like. What is meant by the word heaven
in the quotations above is cloud. This meaning is classified in another
paragraph:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
we come down from the cloud, the water which is pouring” (46:24)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">According
to geography what we know about atmosphere, cloud is exist in the troposphere
layer. It is about 12 kilo meters high, while the cloud is usually about 2 kilo
meters above the sea level.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To
make sure that heaven means atmosphere, look at this quotation:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Birds
fly in heaven” (16:79)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Good
trees, the roots are strong, and the branch reaches the heaven” (14:24)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">It
is quite clear that heaven means atmosphere, because birds fly in the sky or
atmosphere.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heaven
means heavenly bodies is higher than the first meaning above. Heavenly bodies
may include stars, planets, comets or meteors. Heaven meaning heavenly bodies
can be found in there paragraphs:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Decorating
the sky which is closes the decoration, the stars and the planets” (37:6)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I
think what is by sky here is the sky which can be seen by naked eye, without
using a telescope., because it is in the sky we can see the stars, planets or
meteors. So, the right interpretation of the word heaven here is constellation
of the stars. Where the star is the system with planets, meteors, comets,
satellites and other heavenly bodies in it. We can call this a zodiac.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heavenly
means galaxy; galaxy is cluster of stars which can be billons. We, who live in
this solar system is part of our galaxy – The Milky Way. Heaven which means
galaxy is found in the following:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
actually We have create clusters of stars (<span style="color: red;">buruuj</span>)
in the heaven” (15:16)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“For
heaven’s shake with it’s stars” (85:1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
astronomy, the word <span style="color: red;">buruuj</span> means cluster or
groups of star. So, group of star is nothing but galaxy.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">THE
CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Many
things which happen in these worlds are merely repetition of what have taken
place in the past. We often notice and feel the cycle of world’s phenomenon.
And so is the history of the universe.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Like
what We have done when we start the first creation, We will repeat that again (<span style="color: red;">nu’iiduhu</span>)” (21:104)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nu’iiduhu</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from the <span style="color: red;">‘aada</span>, which means <span style="color: red;">‘aada</span> : <span style="color: red;">raja’a</span> : again
or repeated. It is just like when someone goes, and then come back again. If we
draw a line from the time he went and the time he came back. It will form a
closed curve. The sentence which contains that word is <span style="color: red;">‘iidu
sanawiyyu tadzaariyyu</span> which means birthday. If we consider the first
birthday as the beginning which is followed by the second one plus the
happenings which occur between them, and if we draw a line, it is very hard to
imagine this life as straight line. Because the beginning finally meets with
the end. This life is best illustrated as a circle.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">When
we look at a circle, we can not decide which is the beginning and which is the
end. In relation with the word <span style="color: red;">nu’iiduhu</span>, it is
interpreted as the repetition of the end into the beginning.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Circle
is the closest in meaning with the word <span style="color: red;">nu’iiduhu</span>,
a part of the nature phenomenon like water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle.
That water undergoes a cycle is obvious. Water in may different places will
vaporize; continuous evaporation especially during dry season will form clouds.
Cloud will form rain, and water will come down to the earth again.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">That’s
why I put the end of the world (the judgment day) and the beginning of the
world with the hell with it’s fire between them as the first phase. As I have
said before that last is the first.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASES
OF THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfYvBzNlQkjS_033CPZ17v27c4gvOPqOEcouYP01B_P8gz2foGhCDenDY6rsv_enkDj6Xv1hyEUX-k-i03QD-IVV9wOUXsdF_blXv0rz8O2JIYAlQ3Q5AUFsby_mv-nTa-zbH7SlZ3Ms/s1600/FASE-1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfYvBzNlQkjS_033CPZ17v27c4gvOPqOEcouYP01B_P8gz2foGhCDenDY6rsv_enkDj6Xv1hyEUX-k-i03QD-IVV9wOUXsdF_blXv0rz8O2JIYAlQ3Q5AUFsby_mv-nTa-zbH7SlZ3Ms/s400/FASE-1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASE
I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
The end of the world (the doomsday) is marked by the destruction of the
universe; it is this phase which brings the universe into beginning when it was
born for the first time. Then what will happen if the stars shattered, smashed
(totally destructed) or if they ran out of fuel.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">So
you must wait until the heaven brings the real could (<span style="color: red;">bidukhaanin
mubin</span>)” (44:10)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dukhaanin</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">dakhina</span>, for example: <span style="color: red;">dakhkhan</span>: smoking. With the meaning in the translation
above we can in for that as smoke, not cloud. Since smoke comes from
vaporation. Smoke indicates that there is heat. The word in the sentence <span style="color: red;">dakhanal</span> <span style="color: red;">ghubaru</span>: <span style="color: red;">satha’a</span>: flying all around. Smoke is closer in meaning
with <span style="color: red;">dukhaanin</span>, compare with could or fog which
is relatively static, and it moves only in certain directions.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">If
we combine the word <span style="color: red;">mubiin</span> with <span style="color: red;">dukhaanin</span>, we can interpret them as energy. Energy is
related to motion and heat. That’s why energy is the closest meaning of the
word.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisAKPvoYL1e2GRo2K-0pAhS9wbNrCKu36dZ3OENdhyphenhyphen_MIsSfclCCj4Cc0G3RbSCD03HPCTap9FJqydBoRjqHPmEcxAWRTHHlmIM7UJbbC9jOfrjucWITEphm-HaT2x3AIMFnkIfcCpp1M/s1600/react-ex-endoterm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisAKPvoYL1e2GRo2K-0pAhS9wbNrCKu36dZ3OENdhyphenhyphen_MIsSfclCCj4Cc0G3RbSCD03HPCTap9FJqydBoRjqHPmEcxAWRTHHlmIM7UJbbC9jOfrjucWITEphm-HaT2x3AIMFnkIfcCpp1M/s400/react-ex-endoterm.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
Einstein’s Theory we can see that energy can be changed into mass.
In an endoderm reaction, energy is required to form material.</span><br />
</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-J5mLAF8Dd0bCpJJ6d5YHnpUeUz5MLJpymfTioke7S2dYjwnjt07vB3vSbYZLoICk2-PUYkk3IU9feEXlTxnNJ4M1NyA6ombRo3yq2IgBHt6WiS-0A49jATb11Ntg2iKZjf-a5DnEoY/s1600/FASE-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-J5mLAF8Dd0bCpJJ6d5YHnpUeUz5MLJpymfTioke7S2dYjwnjt07vB3vSbYZLoICk2-PUYkk3IU9feEXlTxnNJ4M1NyA6ombRo3yq2IgBHt6WiS-0A49jATb11Ntg2iKZjf-a5DnEoY/s400/FASE-2.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASE
2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
energy formed a giant proton ball. Like I have stated before that energy can be
changed into mass in a reaction. At last, according to the astronomies, this
proton ball exploded. The explosion was known as the big bang. There are many
paragraphs which explain about this giant proton ball, such as:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Into
a very hot water (<span style="color: red;">hamaimii</span>)” (40:72)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Burning
in the hell (<span style="color: red;">sa’iiran</span>)” (25:11)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“For
them, above are layers of fire (<span style="color: red;">zhulalun</span>) and so
are below (<span style="color: red;">zhulalun</span>)” (39:16)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“For
them clothes (<span style="color: red;">tsiyaabun</span>) from the hell fire”
(22:19)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hamiimi</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">hamma</span> which may mean <span style="color: red;">hammal maa</span>: <span style="color: red;">sakhina</span>:
lava. We can image that if a ball like hot lava rolls, everything on its way
will be burnt too. If only a part of such things is lava, we possibly can find
it on the earth. But if all of it is hot lava, we can only find it on the sun
or stars.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa’iiran</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">sa’ara</span>, in sentence <span style="color: red;">tasa’ara</span> <span style="color: red;">wasta’arannaar</span>
means burning (giving out flames). From both of that word, we can imagine how
hell looks like; lava like place which can destroy everything in it with its
bright light.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zhulalun</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">zhalla</span>, for <span style="color: red;">zhallala wa azhalla</span>: <span style="color: red;">alqaa</span>
<span style="color: red;">alaikii zhillahu</span>: to cover (something from heat,
sun etc). For example, if someone uses an umbrella, he will be protected
against sunlight. If something is covered by hot lava, all around it that thing
will became hot lava too. And <span style="color: red;">azh zhalahu</span> means
water under the tree which is protected against sunshine. We can imagine how
big the tree is, how thick the leaves are so that sunlight can’t reach it, only
reaches the tree.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">We
can also imagine how big the burning lava is so that whatever is put inside it
can’t be seen. Everything that whatever into it no matter how big it is will
dissolve and what we can see is just the burning lava. We will see what that
burning lava really is from the word tsiyaabun from the word <span style="color: red;">tsaaba</span>, for <span style="color: red;">tsaabannas</span>:
<span style="color: red;">ijtama’u</span> : gather. If we combine it with the
previous word, we can interpret that it is the origin or union. What is meant
by union here is the union of the galaxies. Even if we put all the galaxies in
it. All we can see is just it. It here is the giant proton ball in which is
like the sun or star and which can cover all the galaxies. As stated in the
sentence <span style="color: red;">matsaabal bir</span> meaning a wall
surrounding a well. So that we can understand that above all the proton ball is
a giant ball from which galaxies are born. But why should proton is first? Not
there particles or other elements with more atoms mass. If elements which have
more atoms mass existed first, then fist of all protons, electron and neutron
have to be there first to compose that element. So, it’s understandable that
proton (which is composed by quarks) was formed fist.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8E_LB8U_Uh0l9FbFugc8nb8q_zjFfhl2YKsgl3z0ka2_SehRM91RU7yNm4nDhvqicGAYPdsdz7t8J5BARyq16t4KnNLeVS3n_bshbP-YLmG4If1rTL4NJOKdqQPRHhUqNDZvWucr_Fqo/s1600/FASE-3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8E_LB8U_Uh0l9FbFugc8nb8q_zjFfhl2YKsgl3z0ka2_SehRM91RU7yNm4nDhvqicGAYPdsdz7t8J5BARyq16t4KnNLeVS3n_bshbP-YLmG4If1rTL4NJOKdqQPRHhUqNDZvWucr_Fqo/s400/FASE-3.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASE
3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
in this phase, proto galaxies are born as the result of the big bang. A giant
proton ball with billions of galaxies in it was formed, in the phase before. We
can’t image how big it is, there is nothing which can be compared in size with
it, not even the sun. If a star explodes, it would form a supernova. But if
this a giant proton ball exploded, it would form an ultra nova. In astronomy,
the explosion is known as the big bang. Signs of the centre of this explosion
or the centre of the universe have been stated in the following quotations:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“A
shelter which has three branches (<span style="color: red;">syu’abin</span>)
which does not cover and does not reject the hell fire. Actually hell gives out
(<span style="color: red;">tarmi</span>), a spark as big and tall as a palace. As
if it were cattle of yellow (<span style="color: red;">shufrun jamal</span>)”
(77:30-32)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tarmi</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">rama</span>, for <span style="color: red;">ramasy syaa</span>:<span style="color: red;">thatrahahu</span>:
throw. While <span style="color: red;">ramassahma ‘anil gausi</span> (<span style="color: red;">alaihi</span>): let out, shoot off (like a narrow from a
bow). What is let out in explosion is a giant spark. How it looks like is
described as a parade of yellow camels.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Shurun
is derived from <span style="color: red;">shafara</span>, for <span style="color: red;">shafar</span>: <span style="color: red;">shauwata binnafhi min
syafataihi</span>: whistle and <span style="color: red;">shafarattu’ban</span>: <span style="color: red;">fahha</span>: means hiss, sizzle. The whistling or hissing
sound of the spark shows that the proto galaxy exploded and formed proto stars.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
nature of galaxies which is symbolized by spark is explained by <span style="color: red;">syu’abin</span>, which comes from the word <span style="color: red;">sya’aba</span>, for <span style="color: red;">sya’abal qaum</span>
means parting, scattered. <span style="color: red;">Sya’sbabashaahiba</span>: <span style="color: red;">baa’adahu</span>: stay away. From the different forms of the
word <span style="color: red;">syu’aba</span>, it can be explained that all
galaxies moved away from each other. The galaxies are divided into three
group’s ellipse galaxies, spiral galaxies and irregular forms. It is in
according with the explanation “a shelter which has three branches’ above. The
orbit of the galaxies can be explained from:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
the root (<span style="color: red;">assaqfi</span>) which is heightened” (52:5)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
the galaxies (<span style="color: red;">as sama</span>), how it is heightened (<span style="color: red;">rufiat</span>)” (88:18)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Assaqfi</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from the word <span style="color: red;">saqafa</span>, for <span style="color: red;">saqifa</span>: high curved. After the explosion, the galaxies
orbits are not straight lines but curved. I think it is because of the galaxies
rotation and because of gravity of the centre of the universe which makes their
rotation curved or not straight.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rufiat</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from <span style="color: red;">rafa’a</span>, for <span style="color: red;">rafa’a</span>: lift. <span style="color: red;">Rafa’alama</span>:
raise (a flag). <span style="color: red;">Rafa’al haditsa</span>: <span style="color: red;">salsalah ila qaailahul awwali</span>: connect something with
it’s source.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">If
we change the flag with the galaxies and the source with the centre of the
universe. It is clear that galaxies moves away from it’s centre (expanded).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How
the centre of the universe looks like, is derived in paragraph:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Actually
<span style="color: red;">zaqqum</span> tree is tree (<span style="color: red;">syajaratun</span>)
which comes out from the bottom (ashli) the hell”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ashli</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">ashala</span>, for <span style="color: red;">ashiyyu</span> which means the beginning, at first, something
which happened before, <span style="color: red;">rasakha ashalat</span>: have
roots, <span style="color: red;">ashlu</span>: <span style="color: red;">man syau</span>:
origin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Interpretation
of that paragraph is about something which exist, before the universe exists
and as the source of the universe. Why the centre of the universe is described
as has roots? Roots here mean something which ties something, together as the
galaxies are tied together. Then the word <span style="color: red;">syajararsy
syais</span>: <span style="color: red;">rabathahu</span>: tie, <span style="color: red;">syajrau</span>: <span style="color: red;">ajmatu</span>:
forest, gather. So, it can be understood, that after the big bang, proto
galaxies which is next to the centre of the universe are tied and are effected
by strong gravity so, they are like a whirl in the centre of the universe.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7HrsL__zYBcoo35hFhVieQcZxzXNg_d17_2Lv8LCCz5oBLZxJxC4jLTnNgDApWqD9xpuVQalG4ePRcPqVVXKkHIvRs9H3u4t7eamf_cjv5-Jh_XzJbH6_dRnQz3EOGvYYvxvOiWY9odc/s1600/FASE-4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7HrsL__zYBcoo35hFhVieQcZxzXNg_d17_2Lv8LCCz5oBLZxJxC4jLTnNgDApWqD9xpuVQalG4ePRcPqVVXKkHIvRs9H3u4t7eamf_cjv5-Jh_XzJbH6_dRnQz3EOGvYYvxvOiWY9odc/s400/FASE-4.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASE
4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
If a proto galaxy exploded, it will form proto stars. And if stars (which may
have mass billions of that of the sun) explode, it will from hyper nova. That’s
what happen when a proto galaxy which consists of billions of star explode. The
process of the formation of galaxies from proto galaxy is described in the
following paragraph:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
We arrange (<span style="color: red;">banainaaha</span>) the heaven (galaxies)
with Our power” (51:47)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
above you, We built (<span style="color: red;">syidaadaan</span>) seven strong
buildings” (78:12)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Banainaaha</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">bana</span>, for the sentence <span style="color: red;">abna fulaanan</span>: build a house. <span style="color: red;">Bunayyaatuth
thariqi</span>: junction from a big into many small ones. <span style="color: red;">Banaatul ardli</span>: <span style="color: red;">auhaarush
shaghiira</span>: brook. <span style="color: red;">Ibnuth tahud</span>: <span style="color: red;">ash shada</span>: echo.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To
form or make a galaxy, a very powerful proto galaxy explosion is needed. This
explosion occurs because the proto galaxy, which mass billions of the mass of
the sun become unstably, and form a curved line 9orbit), it moves unsteadily.
It can be seen clearly in a galaxy high has a spiral form. The “small roads” in
the quotation above means collection of billions of stars.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Syidaadaan</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
comes from the word <span style="color: red;">syadda</span>, for <span style="color: red;">syaddasy syaia</span>: <span style="color: red;">rabatahu</span>:
to tie, <span style="color: red;">al masyduud</span>: something which is pulled,
tied tightly. <span style="color: red;">Asyadda</span>: <span style="color: red;">balagha
asyudda</span>: become mature 9in age and mentally)</span><br />
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilE_V5Ew8I2Qp1jnuUpsX5EYUtdnmQDv4iMg4QVrPqoVzbnr5GQsKZ-BSdiQtuvrok02Qxth8LSzXXq7GDa3am1-EgVhai_Xn07ioL70xjvjouBX3k6WgWjkT6mEzghrdNuG1TY_Ei7GU/s1600/FASE-5.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilE_V5Ew8I2Qp1jnuUpsX5EYUtdnmQDv4iMg4QVrPqoVzbnr5GQsKZ-BSdiQtuvrok02Qxth8LSzXXq7GDa3am1-EgVhai_Xn07ioL70xjvjouBX3k6WgWjkT6mEzghrdNuG1TY_Ei7GU/s400/FASE-5.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASE
5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
The formation of proto planets from proto star. There are many theory dealing
with how was formed; from the classical theory like the theory twin star,
theory of tide to the modern theory like condensation theory.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“That
the sun and the earth are coherent. They are close (<span style="color: red;">ratqaan</span>).
Then We put them away from each other (<span style="color: red;">fafataqnaahumma</span>)”
(21:30)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ratqaan</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from <span style="color: red;">rataqa</span>, for <span style="color: red;">rataqa tsauba</span>: to sew, to patch; <span style="color: red;">rataqasy syaia</span>: <span style="color: red;">saddahu wa
aghlaqahu</span>: to close, plug up. From this explanation we can see that the
sun or star and the earth were composed from the same material.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Who
create the seven skies, ad the earth is also like that (<span style="color: red;">mitslahuna</span>)”(65:12)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mitslahuna</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from the word <span style="color: red;">matsala</span>, for <span style="color: red;">matsala wa maatsala</span>: <span style="color: red;">syaabah</span>:
alike, resemble. <span style="color: red;">Matsalar rajalu</span>: moves from ils
place. <span style="color: red;">Matsala</span><span style="color: black;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> lathaa bil ardli</span>: stick on the ground). <span style="color: red;">Watamattsala bilaadahu fii bilaadin ukhraa</span>: <span style="color: red;">an syakh shaau fii haflatin</span>: represent.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
sun and earth was the same, if we them from their shape and their elements.
Both have rotation and revolution. Planet is formed only by a small part of the
proto star (mass of the Jupiter is 1/1000 of the sun). Then planets then moves,
but they are still “tied”. Tied in the solar system. The dismissal of the planets
from the sun is explained in the following:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“And
then the earth is thrown (<span style="color: red;">dahaaha</span>)”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dahaaha</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from the word <span style="color: red;">dahaa</span>, for <span style="color: red;">dahaal bathnu</span>: big, puffed out belly (abdomen). <span style="color: red;">Dahaal hajara biyadihi</span>: to throw.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">If
we compare our body with the body of the pro star, and the puffed out belly as
the part of the proto star which is puffed out, we will understand that it is
that part which will become the proto planet; which later thrown away and moves
on its orbits. The dismissal of the proto planet from the proto star will be
explained as follows.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Faftaqnahumaa</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from the word <span style="color: red;">fataqa</span>, for <span style="color: red;">fataqa wa fataqasy syaia</span>: divide, <span style="color: red;">fataqats tsauba naqadla khiyaatha tahu</span>: to tear sewn
clothes. <span style="color: red;">Aftaqa qarnusy syamsi</span>: sun which comes
out of the cloud.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">It
is clear that there is a very strong gravity on the outermost part of the proto
star. The gravity then makes a part of the proto star to lump, and it was
separated from the proto star. It was later known as proto planet. There is
clear distortion between what is stated in the classical theory the formation
of the planet is in influenced by other stars.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDq1aWnlufpepNJvKOLzzRskKhyphenhyphenmrKWuIiaq4YY8wkxOHnn76-8n1UCMzeAIC72Dzizh0vEaXYkE8sXGckz6NizGZyr0BP26f04vtpZdaILldIWAEeCNyycA8b7FRozEDUt_JuL3d6CW0/s1600/FASE-6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDq1aWnlufpepNJvKOLzzRskKhyphenhyphenmrKWuIiaq4YY8wkxOHnn76-8n1UCMzeAIC72Dzizh0vEaXYkE8sXGckz6NizGZyr0BP26f04vtpZdaILldIWAEeCNyycA8b7FRozEDUt_JuL3d6CW0/s400/FASE-6.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PHASE
6</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
The formation of solar system or star system as smallest unit of galaxy. It
begins as the surface of the planet gets colds and it becomes solid, accompanied
with the stars which begin to shine.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Which
has created seven layers of skies (<span style="color: red;">thibaaqaan</span>)”
(67:13)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Thibaaqaan</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
is derived from the word <span style="color: red;">thabiqa</span> for <span style="color: red;">thabiqa wa athbaqal baaba</span>: <span style="color: red;">aqfalahu</span>
: to cover, to close. <span style="color: red;">Thabbaqasy syaiu</span>: <span style="color: red;">‘amma</span>: evenly. <span style="color: red;">Ath thabaqaru</span>:
<span style="color: red;">assaaffatu</span>: layer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
the previous phases, the materials that compose the planets, stars and sun are
the same that is hydrogen ball. But because their tiny mass, the hydrogen
undergoes a very rapid reaction, and it change into iron. So, it’s
understandable that the hydrogen reaction into iron in the proto planet goes
much faster than the proto star. The fusion reaction of the hydrogen into the
heavier substances makes the proto planet get colder. By the time iron
produced, there are other compounds produced as a result of that reaction.
Because the outmost layer (surface) is much colder than in the centre, the
compounds later will form rocks. Actually, the planets also shine, not as
bright as star of course, if it’s surface on the outermost part which consist
of rocks and soil are omitted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">By
Muchsin Faisol Effendie</span></div>
Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-49619172919075739172013-10-02T18:51:00.000-07:002013-10-02T18:51:06.691-07:00COMET<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://mysaturnplanet.blogspot.com/2011/09/correction-of-whipples-theory_19.html">Correction of Whipple’s Theory</a></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjomtp-c4hDA9ti6QCbubRD5bu1ftVojkNWRixLeXIeDkjks3bYO8yQPAnH34pQbKlc6ECVkBjHQsI32f5zFTrBSsKL-V7lXAgQEVlVW1wUUL6pkXUP1ZIclozUVOaT9FhKKq3j74rkk8/s1600/formation-comet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjomtp-c4hDA9ti6QCbubRD5bu1ftVojkNWRixLeXIeDkjks3bYO8yQPAnH34pQbKlc6ECVkBjHQsI32f5zFTrBSsKL-V7lXAgQEVlVW1wUUL6pkXUP1ZIclozUVOaT9FhKKq3j74rkk8/s400/formation-comet.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzP0i9wvbpHRR55vGJHQiwpNkrlDs5wzeXmiyCBfgfn1a2i0pzyMCfWdZfmGkJvjrWdFBiX5msQkXELY8EHl16V1Zx9nX8VNezimdUJIM3H_-ajylwkBiTn1suscMZqJxy2HNGodI7NMA/s1600/comet-halley-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><b><span style="font-family: ";">Correlation between radius and mass
</span></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span>
</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Planets,
satellites, and comets are a part of our solar system. They have certain
mass, radius and volume. The correlation between radius and mass, we
should make the equation: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "; font-size: medium;">m <sup>a</sup> = r <sup>b</sup></span><span>
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">The equation above can be made to become : </span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 23.4pt;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 419.4pt;" valign="top" width="559"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: #e69138; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">a log m = b log r</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: #e69138; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">or</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: #e69138; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">b / a = log m / log r</span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span><br /><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">The correlation of radius and mass of the solar system can be looked this table:</span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 23.4pt;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.3pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Name of</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Planets</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Radius</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">( r )</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Mass</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">( m ) </span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">log m / log r</span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; width: 87.3pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Venus</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Earth</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.4773</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.6109</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">14.818181</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">18.181818</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.971722</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">3.022233</span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.3pt;" valign="top" width="116"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">SUM</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">AVERAGE</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">5.993955</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.996977 </span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">*) Venus and Earth are planets, which radius and mass of Mercury = 1
Average 2.996977 or 3.00, therefore comparison between square power of
radius with mass is three compared one. To make clear the comparison can
be showed correlation between radius and mass.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 23.4pt;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Mass ( m )</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Radius ( r )</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">m<sup>(1/3)</sup></span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; width: 96.3pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Venus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Earth</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">14.818181</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">18.181818</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.47</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.61</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.45</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">2.62</span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span><br /><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">From table above can be concluded that the mass equal with the radius power three. Can be wrote: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #c00000;">m = r <sup>3</sup></span></b></span><span>
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #c00000;"> </span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Formation of Halley’s Comet</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Comet Halley has
period time for revolution of sun 76 years. By using a rule above can be
calculated that radius of Halley comet.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> Mass of Halley’s comet, m = 2.10 <sup>-11</sup> (Earth = 1) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Then radius of Comet Halley ( r )
= m<sup>(1/3)</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">= 2.10 <sup>-11(1/3)</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">= 2.7 . 10 <sup>-4</sup> ( Earth = 1 )
<span style="color: red;">= 1.73 kilometers</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Therefore Halley comet has solid mass, so it like has larger volume because it coated by ice layer. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Shape of sky objects in the solar system can be looked this table:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18.9pt;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Sky objects</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; text-align: center; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Diameter (kilometers)</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; text-align: center; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Shape</span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; text-align: center; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Jupiter</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Saturn</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Uranus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Earth</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Mercury</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ceres</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Juno</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Elektra</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Antiope</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Phthia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ida</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Eros</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Gaspra</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; text-align: center; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">143,000</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">120,000</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">51,000</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">12,700</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">4,900</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">975</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">240</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">108</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">85</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">38</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">60 x 25 x 19</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">33 x 11 x 11</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">19 x 12 x 11</span></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; text-align: center; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ball</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ball</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ball</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ball</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ball</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Ball</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Irregular</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Irregular</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Irregular</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">= (Phthia diameter + Ida diameter)/2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">= (38 + 30)/2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">= 34 kms</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzP0i9wvbpHRR55vGJHQiwpNkrlDs5wzeXmiyCBfgfn1a2i0pzyMCfWdZfmGkJvjrWdFBiX5msQkXELY8EHl16V1Zx9nX8VNezimdUJIM3H_-ajylwkBiTn1suscMZqJxy2HNGodI7NMA/s1600/comet-halley-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzP0i9wvbpHRR55vGJHQiwpNkrlDs5wzeXmiyCBfgfn1a2i0pzyMCfWdZfmGkJvjrWdFBiX5msQkXELY8EHl16V1Zx9nX8VNezimdUJIM3H_-ajylwkBiTn1suscMZqJxy2HNGodI7NMA/s400/comet-halley-2.png" width="390" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">If critical limit shape, diameter less than 34 kms, then shape of sky objects is irregular.</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">Therefore radius of comet Halley is 1.73 km, thus the shape is irregular. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: medium;">By Muchsin Faisol Effendie</span></span></div>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
</div>
Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-87519105683591017312013-08-13T21:17:00.003-07:002013-10-11T21:51:33.225-07:00Mathematics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A
New Mathematics Formula </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anomaly of addition in mathematics
and I want to answer this problem with a new addition formula. Problem, look at
this picture</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXxOszasPtP03t1SGBLdmpAw4vKDvrZX3gNJnSQoSnmpnCXO-T3tg5BeMJGhoMwj-yGsqamtGDFRrfSq3r2-cW08YKRbtrFjIyp8jsWbw-uOLsc9QqPEBOgE5WSnZEl2SWiaLU0kRUoM/s1600/gambar010.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXxOszasPtP03t1SGBLdmpAw4vKDvrZX3gNJnSQoSnmpnCXO-T3tg5BeMJGhoMwj-yGsqamtGDFRrfSq3r2-cW08YKRbtrFjIyp8jsWbw-uOLsc9QqPEBOgE5WSnZEl2SWiaLU0kRUoM/s400/gambar010.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From above that ∞ + a is greater
than ∞. It is impossible, because ∞ is the greatest number. To answer this
problem, we need a new formula of addition.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lorenz’s transformation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNjhG3H18R6q0Yhf8vzO7SlQm6t7LMMxTsKwCa8HH8C01WevqFh_6Qas4nBRl5yQWWRphMiom2NliTd9U7w30EutxkXd0U1-6Lm-8LzUgMy6RbKsDC8sd9av-H4bHwcaPkqbhsZUTOhY/s1600/gambar020.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNjhG3H18R6q0Yhf8vzO7SlQm6t7LMMxTsKwCa8HH8C01WevqFh_6Qas4nBRl5yQWWRphMiom2NliTd9U7w30EutxkXd0U1-6Lm-8LzUgMy6RbKsDC8sd9av-H4bHwcaPkqbhsZUTOhY/s400/gambar020.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Correlation between m and m’ :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">m’ = c ( m – nu) …………………… (1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">m = c (m’+ nu’) …………………… (2)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From equation (1), then equation (2)
becomes:</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">m = c { c (m – nu)+ nu’} or</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">u’ = [m/cn](1 – c<sup>2</sup>) + cu ……………… (3)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For f ‘ (u) = t and f’ (u’) = t or</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">m = tu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">m = tu’ .................................................. (4)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From eq. (3) and (4),
then eq. (1) becomes:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7yvWJxJmI8XqNwUHfbn2ete0KFvQnE50oxxByJGce_1mBu5QESh3OmK8Jij7uy-jqCynIEQ4HQvQh4ZbURI1G75HPsQO1Sx8e44Vj0serPF1WsJSU48QPqST6Hq_P66dQUIt5V98q8-0/s1600/eq5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7yvWJxJmI8XqNwUHfbn2ete0KFvQnE50oxxByJGce_1mBu5QESh3OmK8Jij7uy-jqCynIEQ4HQvQh4ZbURI1G75HPsQO1Sx8e44Vj0serPF1WsJSU48QPqST6Hq_P66dQUIt5V98q8-0/s400/eq5.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">equation (5)</span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Because m = tu, then:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQA2W4Ug_H2XCFZgrzuSUPXdxi14xkjeACYqjggFFishLN05DfNabss298Q5F3iWRTDsI8hXlUDdZiXD6tZlBMEeft7i0FdbgqgrQD2-pHT7D-iQZ6LmOLViD9bowwIDofX-kAJv2vQM/s1600/eq6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQA2W4Ug_H2XCFZgrzuSUPXdxi14xkjeACYqjggFFishLN05DfNabss298Q5F3iWRTDsI8hXlUDdZiXD6tZlBMEeft7i0FdbgqgrQD2-pHT7D-iQZ6LmOLViD9bowwIDofX-kAJv2vQM/s400/eq6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span>equation (6)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikucxaS1KTrpSju-p9o5RqdUg8Sxn2qwpbE0cqnPRIrY6sWDOfxfFYkCY5gLLpGkWnk7ALEDEauO3TedLCGJEl2G6Y7ZGt010ywiD2d4_rSF1kb_Mh_oVVfwh2xUgHoi3K5TVT7UJVghY/s1600/eq7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikucxaS1KTrpSju-p9o5RqdUg8Sxn2qwpbE0cqnPRIrY6sWDOfxfFYkCY5gLLpGkWnk7ALEDEauO3TedLCGJEl2G6Y7ZGt010ywiD2d4_rSF1kb_Mh_oVVfwh2xUgHoi3K5TVT7UJVghY/s1600/eq7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikucxaS1KTrpSju-p9o5RqdUg8Sxn2qwpbE0cqnPRIrY6sWDOfxfFYkCY5gLLpGkWnk7ALEDEauO3TedLCGJEl2G6Y7ZGt010ywiD2d4_rSF1kb_Mh_oVVfwh2xUgHoi3K5TVT7UJVghY/s400/eq7.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">equation (7)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkcUPSL8VIA0hmx-A46R433R9C4Sd73vkS5jcD29kTxWpVq0fFJHSOOQ3SDF5Ty6XeyaB5lYPB9Ai0-SqMumO2Mde0fn3XOF8-zB2DdQFV27uEhVK3rng9Db8vRkcTHUytpME-86B1p3M/s1600/eq8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkcUPSL8VIA0hmx-A46R433R9C4Sd73vkS5jcD29kTxWpVq0fFJHSOOQ3SDF5Ty6XeyaB5lYPB9Ai0-SqMumO2Mde0fn3XOF8-zB2DdQFV27uEhVK3rng9Db8vRkcTHUytpME-86B1p3M/s400/eq8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">equation (8)</span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Equation (7) and (8) are called
Lorenz’s Transformation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From eq.(7) and (8) then:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dm’ = c ( dm - ndu)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">du’ = c [ du – ( n/ t<sup>2</sup> ) dm ] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ5eqq7u_Mze-AWCQfxPpH4KePzwOE0Ldnhyphenhyphenoi8ryx6P_yvi1TNjoaIXOkXt4bndm-cqz1fXscxJw5WkmEVS6FzcbscHc0M_bt2XzEFrLO97H_cPaI0WPOas_6ywGHLvKrX8yQTcA8Kao/s1600/eq8-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ5eqq7u_Mze-AWCQfxPpH4KePzwOE0Ldnhyphenhyphenoi8ryx6P_yvi1TNjoaIXOkXt4bndm-cqz1fXscxJw5WkmEVS6FzcbscHc0M_bt2XzEFrLO97H_cPaI0WPOas_6ywGHLvKrX8yQTcA8Kao/s400/eq8-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Divided by du/du:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOFixFXkwUGDVD0n_dITEZZT86IXaaMaCHQmoe1GsRjtAAOqpr7YSsgzv1Db6NMPX0LMI0ESyNVzmqngU3PkV9bfjRRy7HikPkflf_iLE8qIEDSLUKlWBUBXBWkL4H9qFGuLgotqQpMuQ/s1600/eq9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOFixFXkwUGDVD0n_dITEZZT86IXaaMaCHQmoe1GsRjtAAOqpr7YSsgzv1Db6NMPX0LMI0ESyNVzmqngU3PkV9bfjRRy7HikPkflf_iLE8qIEDSLUKlWBUBXBWkL4H9qFGuLgotqQpMuQ/s400/eq9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWxYbh25J7KHhiDsEfroWpy5HmEfkEj9MO7I6VSrgyUv1ijRMJCYO6WA4d_ujWIzGldnJd2nhrYJumVdD_iTOZakjFStpPxQLyf1oQ1HZcC3rlPBlJDQVqDhdfZz1t9iJsRKf32fOrh_k/s1600/eq10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWxYbh25J7KHhiDsEfroWpy5HmEfkEj9MO7I6VSrgyUv1ijRMJCYO6WA4d_ujWIzGldnJd2nhrYJumVdD_iTOZakjFStpPxQLyf1oQ1HZcC3rlPBlJDQVqDhdfZz1t9iJsRKf32fOrh_k/s400/eq10.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Because f’(u) is product of
addition, n is the first number, f’(u’) is the second number and t = ∞, then: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKDsWyww4B2LD4ohUeIUekMgyp0Tv3hnqxqLhO-HYdSNBgZQuue7eHrAwVqo-vjiKAb_ZEWmEDTMgXXSfpQToeXIZI4p1HN258HYTE827TQ6RUD-2svpbtvekbka7h7OPqrTnok3R0q78/s1600/formula.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKDsWyww4B2LD4ohUeIUekMgyp0Tv3hnqxqLhO-HYdSNBgZQuue7eHrAwVqo-vjiKAb_ZEWmEDTMgXXSfpQToeXIZI4p1HN258HYTE827TQ6RUD-2svpbtvekbka7h7OPqrTnok3R0q78/s400/formula.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Which:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">h = product of addition</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a = the first number</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b = the second number</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b>Problem Solving</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">By the formula above, show that 5 + 9 = 14 and </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">∞ + </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">∞</span> = </span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">∞</span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Solution </span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.</span></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YyJ3i_lMLZgQwpJVt-mHLbIak8tj4ylrzYndSvlSNnBjE3-nMvaKWEIwV8cfafaWWcsudiQZPzVxX40fkwKmHJeN3VoYg09WYzLXZQcvdaQoocsvEu2IoRepns5HdIq3aHTxMcryL9s/s1600/solution1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YyJ3i_lMLZgQwpJVt-mHLbIak8tj4ylrzYndSvlSNnBjE3-nMvaKWEIwV8cfafaWWcsudiQZPzVxX40fkwKmHJeN3VoYg09WYzLXZQcvdaQoocsvEu2IoRepns5HdIq3aHTxMcryL9s/s400/solution1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></b><br />
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Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-27484829619210082312013-06-27T06:34:00.002-07:002016-10-26T06:59:50.477-07:00Saturn<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">New
Composition and Structure of Planet Saturn</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana";">Density
anomaly in the giant planets will be news that is spectacular in the
future. And if this law received the astronomical community will replace
the theory that explains that the comet is ice balls that orbit the
sun. It will also back up again the planet-formation where the giant
planet's radius is now a combination of the radius and height of the
atmosphere is actually the planet. </span></i></b></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZXOwkF8rmjYVkHLmj_XQL2GqzUfp1Y4QNvTm-dI4RyY8LrqoAWo1zTgz06U_5XMEwiyQQp0GyavmqCRkhA_gEtJqis5z82G1AZGFO99ji68HBJ2xK0fAZ708oQ8lWbtrkrnKL3IPiAQ4/s640/saturnoke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZXOwkF8rmjYVkHLmj_XQL2GqzUfp1Y4QNvTm-dI4RyY8LrqoAWo1zTgz06U_5XMEwiyQQp0GyavmqCRkhA_gEtJqis5z82G1AZGFO99ji68HBJ2xK0fAZ708oQ8lWbtrkrnKL3IPiAQ4/s400/saturnoke.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana";"> </span></i></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Dear,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> I want to
describe formation of planet Saturn and comets. The formation of the
planet is made due to there is present anomaly of the planet density.
Density of the planet less than density of water make me to do some
correction about the right formation of the planet.
This description not only to make sure the formation of planet Saturn,
also for the others giant planet, such as Mars and comets. The
description of comets which its also has odd characteristic of
formation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> I am sure, comets
are planets too, they have bodies like Pluto. The formation can
be seen if the comets close to sun or the longest distance from the sun.
In addition, this description give picture about the great red spot
from the movement and changing on planet Jupiter. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">To consider my
limited knowledge in astronomy field, I want to some critic for the
description of the planet has a good idea for all of us. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> Yours sincerely </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> Muchsin Faisol Effendie </span><br />
<br />
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Correlation
between radius and mass
Planets, satellites, and comets are a part of our solar system. They
have certain mass, radius and volume. The correlation between radius and
mass, we should make the equation :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">m <sup>a</sup> = r <sup>b</sup> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">The equation above can be made to become :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="590"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">a log m = b log r</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">or</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">b / a = log m / log r</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">The correlation of radius and mass of the solar system can be this table :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Name of</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Planets</span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Radius</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">( r )</span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Mass</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">( m ) </span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">log m / log r</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Venus</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Earth</span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">2.4773</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">2.6109</span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">14.818181</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">18.181818</span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">2.971722</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">3.022233</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">SUM</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">AVERAGE</span></div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">5.993955</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">2.996977</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">
*) Venus and Earth are planets, which radius and mass of Mercury = 1 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Average 2.996977
or 3.00, therefore comparison between square power of radius with mass
is three compared one. To make clear the comparison can be showed
correlation between radius and mass. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">From table above can be concluded that the mass equal with the radius power three. Can be wrote :</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> <b>m = r <sup>3</sup></b> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Formation of Planet Saturn</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">Planet Saturn has
a beautiful ring and include in giant planet. This planet has density
0.7 and diameter 141,000 kilometers. By using a rule above can be
calculated that radius of Saturn planet .</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> Mass of Saturn, m = 95.26 (Earth = 1) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> Then radius of Saturn ( r )
= 95.26 </span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"><sup>1/3</sup></span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">= 4.567 ( Earth = 1 )</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> = 29,129.35 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">= 30,000 kilometers </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;"> Thus planet Saturn has diameter 60,000 kilometers or radius 30,000 kilometers and
density 5.2 ( water = 1 ). I thought that the planet from iron or stone
like Earth.
Do you agree ?</span></div>
Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1884093699900229727.post-69456539293955249172013-06-27T06:06:00.003-07:002013-08-13T21:25:21.821-07:00AIDS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="hps"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">as an alternative</span> <span class="hps">treatment for AIDS</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, also called <b>activated charcoal</b>, <b>activated coal</b>
or <b>carbo activatus</b>, is a form of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">carbon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> that has been processed to make it extremely </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous" title="Porous"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">porous</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and thus to have a very large </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">surface area</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
available for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adsorption</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">chemical reactions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-0"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[1]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The word <i>activated</i> in the
name is sometimes replaced with <i>active</i>. Due to its high degree of
microporosity, just 1 gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of
500 m<sup>2</sup> (about one tenth the size of a football field), as
determined typically by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nitrogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> gas </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption" title="Absorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">absorption</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Sufficient activation for useful applications may come
solely from the high surface area, though further chemical treatment often
enhances the adsorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon is usually
derived from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">charcoal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Production</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon is carbon produced
from carbonaceous source materials like nutshells, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat" title="Peat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">peat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">wood</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coir" title="Coir"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">coir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lignite</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">coal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_%28resin%29" title="Pitch (resin)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">petroleum pitch</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
It can be produced by one of the following processes:</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Physical reactivation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:
The precursor is developed into activated carbons using gases. This is
generally done by using one or a combination of the following processes: </span></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Carbonization</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:
Material with carbon content is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pyrolyzed</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
at temperatures in the range 600–900 °C, in absence of oxygen (usually in
inert atmosphere with gases like </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">argon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nitrogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activation/Oxidation</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: Raw material or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">carbonized</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">carbon dioxide</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
oxygen, or steam) at temperatures above 250 °C, usually in the
temperature range of 600–1200 °C.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chemical activation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:
Prior to carbonization, the raw material is impregnated with certain
chemicals. The chemical is typically an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">acid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
strong </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">base</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
or a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29" title="Salt (chemistry)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">salt</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">phosphoric acid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">potassium
hydroxide</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sodium hydroxide</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">calcium chloride</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc_chloride_25%25&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Zinc chloride 25% (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">zinc
chloride 25%</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">). Then, the raw material is
carbonized at lower temperatures (450–900 °C). It is believed that the
carbonization / activation step proceeds simultaneously with the chemical
activation. Chemical activation is preferred over physical activation
owing to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for activating
material.</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Classification</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbons are complex
products which are difficult to classify on the basis of their behaviour,
surface characteristics and preparation methods. However, some broad
classification is made for general purpose based on their physical
characteristics.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Powdered
activated carbon (PAC)</span></b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">micrograph</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
of activated charcoal under </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_field_microscopy" title="Bright field microscopy"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bright field</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> illumination on a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscope" title="Light microscope"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">light microscope</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
Notice the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fractal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-like
shape of the particles hinting at their enormous surface area. Each particle in
this image, despite being only around 0.1 mm wide, has a surface area of
several square metres. The entire image covers a region of approximately 1.1 by
0.7 mm, and the full resolution version is at a scale of 6.236 pixels/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9Cm" title="Μm">μm</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Traditionally, active carbons are
made in particulate form as powders or fine granules less than 1.0 mm in
size with an average diameter between .15 and .25 mm.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[2]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Thus they present a large surface to volume ratio with a small diffusion
distance. PAC is made up of crushed or ground carbon particles, 95–100% of
which will pass through a designated </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_%28scale%29" title="Mesh (scale)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mesh sieve</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
Granular activated carbon is defined as the activated carbon retained on a
50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) and PAC material as finer material, while </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASTM</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> classifies particle sizes corresponding to an 80-mesh sieve
(0.177 mm) and smaller as PAC. PAC is not commonly used in a dedicated
vessel, due to the high </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_loss" title="Head loss"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">head loss</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> that would occur. PAC is generally added directly to other
process units, such as raw water intakes, rapid mix basins, clarifiers, and
gravity filters.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Granular activated carbon (GAC)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Granular activated carbon has a
relatively larger particle size compared to powdered activated carbon and
consequently, presents a smaller external surface. Diffusion of the adsorbate
is thus an important factor. These carbons are therefore preferred for all </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption" title="Absorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">absorption</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
of gases and vapors as their rate of diffusion are faster. Granulated carbons
are used for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">water treatment</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, deodorization and separation of components of flow system.
GAC can be either in the granular form or extruded. GAC is designated by sizes
such as 8×20, 20×40, or 8×30 for liquid phase applications and 4×6, 4×8 or 4×10
for vapor phase applications. A 20×40 carbon is made of particles that will
pass through a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 20 sieve (0.84 mm) (generally
specified as 85% passing) but be retained on a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 40
sieve (0.42 mm) (generally specified as 95% retained). AWWA (1992) B604
uses the 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) as the minimum GAC size. The most
popular aqueous phase carbons are the 12×40 and 8×30 sizes because they have a
good balance of size, surface area, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head#Head_loss" title="Hydraulic head"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">head loss</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> characteristics.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Extruded activated carbon (EAC)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Extruded activated carbon combines
powdered activated carbon with a binder, which are fused together and extruded
into a cylindrical shaped activated carbon block with diameters from 0.8 to
130 mm. These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of their
low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content. GAC is also
used in rapid mix basins and for waste-water treatment in general.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Bead activated carbon (BAC)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bead activated carbon is made from
petroleum pitch and supplied in diameters from approximately 0.35 to
0.80 mm. Similar to EAC, it is also noted for its low pressure drop, high
mechanical strength and low dust content, but with a smaller grain size. Its
spherical shape makes it preferred for fluidized bed applications such as water
filtration.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Impregnated carbon</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Porous carbons containing several
types of inorganic impregnate such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iodine</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">silver</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation" title="Cation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> such as Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Li, Ca have also been prepared for
specific application in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">air pollution</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
control especially in museums and galleries. Due to antimicrobial/antiseptic
properties, silver loaded activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for
purification of domestic water. Drinking water can be obtained from natural
water by treating the natural water with a mixture of activated carbon and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Al(OH)<sub>3</sub></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">flocculating agent</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of H<sub>2</sub>S and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">thiols</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Adsorption rates for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sub>2</sub>S</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
as high as 50% by weight have been reported.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Polymer coated carbon</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This is a process by which a porous
carbon can be coated with a biocompatible </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">polymer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> to give a
smooth and permeable coat without blocking the pores. The resulting carbon is
useful for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoperfusion" title="Hemoperfusion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hemoperfusion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Hemoperfusion is a treatment technique in which large
volumes of the patient's blood are passed over an adsorbent substance in order
to remove toxic substances from the blood.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Other</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon is also available
in special forms such as cloths and fibres. The "carbon cloth" for
instance is used in personnel protection for the military.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Properties</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A gram of activated carbon can have
a surface area in excess of 500 m<sup>2</sup>, with 1500 m<sup>2</sup> being
readily achievable.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-2"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[3]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Carbon </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">aerogels</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, while
more expensive, have even higher surface areas, and are used in special
applications.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon, as viewed by an
electron microscope</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Under an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">electron microscope</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, the high surface-area structures of activated carbon are
revealed. Individual particles are intensely convoluted and display various
kinds of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">porosity</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">; there
may be many areas where flat surfaces of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">graphite</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-like
material run parallel to each other, separated by only a few nanometers or so.
These </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropore" title="Micropore"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">micropores</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
provide superb conditions for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adsorption</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
to occur, since adsorbing material can interact with many surfaces
simultaneously. Tests of adsorption behaviour are usually done with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nitrogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> gas at 77
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> under high </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">vacuum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, but in everyday terms activated carbon is perfectly
capable of producing the equivalent, by adsorption from its environment, liquid
water from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam" title="Steam"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">steam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> at 100 °C
and a pressure of 1/10,000 of an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_%28unit%29" title="Atmosphere (unit)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">atmosphere</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">James Dewar, the scientist after
whom the Dewar (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">vacuum flask</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">) is named, spent much time studying activated carbon and
published a paper regarding its absorption capacity with regard to gases.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-3"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[4]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
In this paper, he discovered that cooling the carbon to liquid nitrogen
temperatures allowed it to absorb significant quantities of numerous air gases,
among others, that could then be recollected by simply allowing the carbon to
warm again and that coconut based carbon was superior for the effect. He uses
oxygen as an example, wherein the activated carbon would typically adsorb the
atmospheric concentration (21%) under standard conditions, but release over 80%
oxygen if the carbon was first cooled to low temperatures.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Physically, activated carbon binds
materials by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">van der Waals force</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force" title="London dispersion force"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">London dispersion force</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon does not bind well
to certain chemicals, including </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">alcohols</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol" title="Glycol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">glycols</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, strong </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">acids</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_%28chemistry%29" title="Base (chemistry)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bases</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">metals</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and most </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic" title="Inorganic"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">inorganics</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lithium</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sodium</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iron</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lead</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">arsenic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fluorine</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">boric acid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon does adsorb </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iodine</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> very well and in fact the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_value" title="Iodine value"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iodine number</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
mg/g, (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASTM</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> D28 Standard Method test) is used as an indication of total
surface area.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed
by activated carbon. This should be of particular concern to those using the
material in filters for respirators, fume hoods or other gas control systems as
the gas is undetectable to the human senses, toxic to metabolism and
neurotoxic.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Substantial lists of the common
industrial and agricultural gases absorbed by activated carbon can be found
online.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-4"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[5]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon can be used as a
substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive
capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hydrogen sulfide</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
(H<sub>2</sub>S), ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), formaldehyde (HCOH), radioisotopes </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iodine-131</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(<sup>131</sup>I)
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mercury</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (Hg). This property is known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisorption" title="Chemisorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">chemisorption</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Iodine number</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Many carbons preferentially absorb
small molecules. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_value" title="Iodine value"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Iodine number</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> is the most fundamental parameter used to characterize
activated carbon performance. It is a measure of activity level (higher number
indicates higher degree of activation), often reported in mg/g (typical range
500–1200 mg/g). It is a measure of the micropore content of the activated
carbon (0 to 20 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Å</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
or up to 2 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)
by adsorption of iodine from solution. It is equivalent to surface area of
carbon between 900 m²/g and 1100 m²/g. It is the standard measure for liquid
phase applications.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Iodine number is defined as the
milligrams of iodine </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adsorbed</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> by one gram of carbon when the iodine concentration in the
residual filtrate is 0.02 normal. Basically, iodine number is a measure of the
iodine adsorbed in the pores and, as such, is an indication of the pore volume
available in the activated carbon of interest. Typically, water treatment
carbons have iodine numbers ranging from 600 to 1100. Frequently, this
parameter is used to determine the degree of exhaustion of a carbon in use.
However, this practice should be viewed with caution as chemical interactions
with the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbate" title="Adsorbate"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adsorbate</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> may affect the iodine uptake giving false results. Thus,
the use of iodine number as a measure of the degree of exhaustion of a carbon
bed can only be recommended if it has been shown to be free of chemical
interactions with adsorbates and if an experimental correlation between iodine
number and the degree of exhaustion has been determined for the particular
application.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Molasses</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Some carbons are more adept at
adsorbing large molecules. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molasses_number&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Molasses number (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Molasses
number</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> or molasses efficiency is a measure
of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoporous_material" title="Mesoporous material"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mesopore</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> content of the activated carbon (greater than 20 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Å</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, or larger than 2 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">) by adsorption of molasses from
solution. A high molasses number indicates a high adsorption of big molecules
(range 95–600). Caramel dp (decolorizing performance) is similar to molasses
number. Molasses efficiency is reported as a percentage (range 40%–185%) and
parallels molasses number (600 = 185%, 425 = 85%). The European molasses number
(range 525–110) is inversely related to the North American molasses number.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Molasses Number is a measure of the
degree of decolorization of a standard molasses solution that has been diluted
and standardized against standardized activated carbon. Due to the size of
color bodies, the molasses number represents the potential pore volume
available for larger adsorbing species. As all of the pore volume may not be
available for adsorption in a particular waste water application, and as some
of the adsorbate may enter smaller pores, it is not a good measure of the worth
of a particular activated carbon for a specific application. Frequently, this
parameter is useful in evaluating a series of active carbons for their rates of
adsorption. Given two active carbons with similar pore volumes for adsorption,
the one having the higher molasses number will usually have larger feeder pores
resulting in more efficient transfer of adsorbate into the adsorption space.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tannin</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tannins</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> are a
mixture of large and medium size molecules. Carbons with a combination of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropore" title="Macropore"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">macropores</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoporous_material" title="Mesoporous material"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mesopores</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adsorb tannins. The ability of a carbon to adsorb tannins
is reported in parts per million concentration (range 200 ppm–362 ppm).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Methylene blue</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Some carbons have a mesopore (20 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Å</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> to 50 Å, or 2 to 5 nm) structure
which adsorbs medium size molecules, such as the dye </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">methylene blue</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
Methylene blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range 11–28 g/100g).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dechlorination</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Some carbons are evaluated based on
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_dechlorination" title="Reductive dechlorination"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dechlorination</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> half-value length, which measures the chlorine-removal
efficiency of activated carbon. The dechlorination half-value length is the
depth of carbon required to reduce the chlorine level of a flowing stream from
5 ppm to 3.5 ppm. A lower half-value length indicates superior performance.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apparent density</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Higher density provides greater
volume activity and normally indicates better quality activated carbon.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hardness/abrasion number</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It is a measure of the activated
carbon’s resistance to attrition. It is important indicator of activated carbon
to maintain its physical integrity and withstand frictional forces imposed by
backwashing, etc. There are large differences in the hardness of activated
carbons, depending on the raw material and activity level.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ash content</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It reduces the overall activity of
activated carbon. It reduces the efficiency of reactivation. The metal oxides
(Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) can leach out of activated carbon resulting in
discoloration. Acid/water soluble ash content is more significant than total
ash content. Soluble ash content can be very important for aquarists, as ferric
oxide can promote algal growths. A carbon with a low soluble ash content should
be used for marine, freshwater fish and reef tanks to avoid heavy metal
poisoning and excess plant/algal growth.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Carbon tetrachloride activity</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Measurement of the porosity of an
activated carbon by the adsorption of saturated </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">carbon tetrachloride</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> vapour.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Particle size distribution</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The finer the particle size of an
activated carbon, the better the access to the surface area and the faster the
rate of adsorption kinetics. In vapour phase systems this needs to be
considered against pressure drop, which will affect energy cost. Careful
consideration of particle size distribution can provide significant operating
benefits.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Examples of adsorption</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Heterogeneous catalysis</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The most commonly encountered form
of chemisorption in industry, occurs when a solid </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst" title="Catalyst"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">catalyst</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> interacts
with a gaseous feedstock, the reactant/s. The adsorption of reactant/s to the
catalyst surface creates a chemical bond, altering the electron density around
the reactant molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not
normally be available to it.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Adsorption refrigeration</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption_refrigeration" title="Adsorption refrigeration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adsorption
refrigeration</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and heat pump cycles rely on the
adsorption of a refrigerant gas into an adsorbent at low pressure and
subsequent desorption by heating. The adsorbent acts as a "chemical
compressor" driven by heat and is, from this point of view, the "pump"
of the system. It consists of a solar collector, a condenser or heat-exchanger
and an evaporator that is placed in a refrigerator box. The inside of the
collector is lined with an adsorption bed packed with activated carbon adsorbed
with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">methanol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. The
refrigerator box is insulated filled with water. The activated carbon can
adsorb a large amount of methanol vapours in ambient temperature and desorb it
at a higher temperature (around 100 degrees Celsius). During the daytime, the
sunshine irradiates the collector, so the collector is heated up and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">methanol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> is
desorbed from the activated carbon. In desorption, the liquid methanol adsorbed
in the charcoal heats up and vaporizes. The methanol vapour condenses and is
stored in the evaporator.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">At night, the collector temperature
decreases to the ambient temperature, and the charcoal adsorbs the methanol
from the evaporator. The liquid methanol in the evaporator vaporizes and
absorbs the heat from the water contained in the trays. Since adsorption is a
process of releasing heat, the collector must be cooled efficiently at night.
As mentioned above, the adsorption refrigeration system operates in an
intermittent way to produce the refrigerating effect.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Helium gas can also be 'pumped' by
thermally cycling activated carbon 'sorption pumps' between 4 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kelvins</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and higher temperatures. An example of this is to provide
the cooling power for the Oxford Instruments AST series dilution refrigerators.
<sup>3</sup>He vapour is pumped from the surface of the dilute phase of a
mixture of liquid <sup>4</sup>He and its isotope <sup>3</sup>He. The <sup>3</sup>He
is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the carbon at low temperature (typically
<4K), the regeneration of the pump between 20 and 40 K returns the <sup>3</sup>He
to the concentrated phase of the liquid mixture. Cooling occurs at the
interface between the two liquid phases as <sup>3</sup>He 'evaporates' across
the phase boundary. If more than one pump is present in the system a continuous
flow of gas and hence constant cooling power can be obtained, by having one
sorption pump regenerating while the other is pumping. Systems such as this
allow temperatures as low as 10 mK (0.01 kelvin) to be obtained with very few
moving parts.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Applications</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon is used in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">gas purification</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_in_pulp" title="Carbon in pulp"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">gold purification</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">metal extraction</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">water purification</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">medicine</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sewage treatment</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">air filters</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">gas masks</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">respirators</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
filters in compressed air and many other applications.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">One major industrial application
involves use of activated carbon in the metal finishing field. It is very
widely employed for purification of electroplating solutions. For example, it
is a main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright
nickel plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating
solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties
like brightness, smoothness, ductility, etc. Due to passage of direct current
and electrolytic reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, organic
additives generate unwanted break down products in solution. Their excessive
build up can adversely affect the plating quality and physical properties of
deposited metal. Activated carbon treatment removes such impurities and
restores plating performance to the desired level.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Analytical chemistry applications</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon, in 50% w/w
combination with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celite" title="Celite"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">celite</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, is used as stationary phase in low-pressure
chromatographic separation of carbohydrates (mono-, di- trisacchardes) using
ethanol solutions (5–50%) as mobile phase in analytical or preparative
protocols.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Environmental applications</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon is usually used in
water filtration systems. In this illustration, the activated carbon is in the
fourth level (counted from bottom).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Carbon </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adsorption</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
has numerous applications in removing </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pollutants</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such
as:</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Spill cleanup</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Groundwater</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">remediation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Drinking water</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">filtration</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifiers" title="Air purifiers"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Air purification</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Volatile
organic compounds</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> capture
from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" title="Painting"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">painting</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dry cleaning</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
gasoline dispensing operations, and other processes.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In 2007, West-Flanders University
(in Belgium) began research in water treatment after festivals.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-VanHulle2008-5"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[6]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
A full scale activated carbon installation was built at the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dranouter_music_festival" title="Dranouter music festival"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dranouter
music festival</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> in 2008, with plans to utilize the
technology to treat water at this festival for the next 20 years.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-VanHulle2008-5"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[6]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated charcoal is also used for
the measurement of radon concentration in air.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Medical applications</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon is used to treat </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison" title="Poison"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">poisonings</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose" title="Overdose"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">overdoses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> following oral </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ingestion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It is thought to bind to poison and
prevent its absorption by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">gastrointestinal tract</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. In cases of suspected poisoning, medical personnel
administer activated charcoal on the scene or at a hospital's </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">emergency department</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Dosing is usually empirical at 1 gram/kg of body mass
(for adolescents or adults, give 50–100 g), usually given only once, but
depending on the drug taken, it may be given more than once. In rare situations
activated charcoal is used in Intensive Care to filter out harmful drugs from
the blood stream of poisoned patients. Activated charcoal has become the
treatment of choice for many poisonings, and other decontamination methods such
as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ipecac</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-induced </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesis" title="Emesis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">emesis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">stomach pumping</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
are now used rarely.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated charcoal for medical use</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">While activated carbon is useful in
acute poisoning, it has been shown to not be effective in long term
accumulation of toxins, such as with the use of toxic herbicides.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[7]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mechanisms of action:</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Binding of the toxin to prevent stomach and intestinal
absorption. Binding is reversible so a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathartic" title="Cathartic"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cathartic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sorbitol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> may be added as well.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It interrupts the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">enterohepatic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroenteric_circulation" title="Enteroenteric circulation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">enteroenteric
circulation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> of some drugs/toxins and their
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolites" title="Metabolites"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">metabolites</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Incorrect application (e.g. into the
lungs) results in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pulmonary aspiration</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment
is not initiated.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-Chest1989-Elliott-7"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[8]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
The use of activated charcoal is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">contraindicated</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
when the ingested substance is an acid, an alkali, or a petroleum product.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For pre-hospital (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">paramedic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)
use, it comes in plastic tubes or bottles, commonly 12.5 or 25 grams,
pre-mixed with water. The trade names include InstaChar, SuperChar, Actidose,
Charcodote, and Liqui-Char, but it is commonly called activated charcoal.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ingestion of activated charcoal
prior to consumption of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages" title="Alcoholic beverages"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">alcoholic beverages</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> appeared to reduce absorption of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ethanol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> into the
blood. 5 to 15 milligrams of charcoal per kilogram of body weight taken at the
same time as 170 ml of pure ethanol (which equals to about 10 servings of an
alcoholic beverage), over the course of one hour, seemed to reduce potential </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">blood alcohol content</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[9]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Yet other studies showed that this is not the case, and that ethanol blood
concentrations were <i>increased</i> because of activated charcoal use.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[10]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal_biscuit" title="Charcoal biscuit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Charcoal biscuits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> were sold in England starting in the early 19th century,
originally as an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">antidote</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">flatulence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and stomach trouble.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-Rolland-10"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[11]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_%28pharmacy%29" title="Tablet (pharmacy)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tablets</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_%28pharmacy%29" title="Capsule (pharmacy)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">capsules</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> of activated charcoal are used in many countries as an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">over-the-counter drug</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> to treat </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">diarrhea</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">indigestion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">flatulence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-stearn2007-11"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[12]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Previous versions of this article have claimed that evidence exists that it is
effective in treating </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">irritable
bowel syndrome</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (IBS),</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-12"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[13]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
but the reference study given did not use activated carbon (or activated
charcoal), rather tablets of non-activated charcoal. It has also been used to
prevent diarrhea in cancer patients who have received </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irinotecan" title="Irinotecan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">irinotecan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-13"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[14]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
It can interfere with the absorption of some medications, and lead to
unreliable readings in medical tests such as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">guaiac</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> card
test.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-14"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[15]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Activated charcoal is also used for bowel preparation by reducing intestinal
gas content before abdominal </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">radiography</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
to visualize </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bile</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and
pancreatic and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_stones" title="Renal stones"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">renal stones</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. A type of charcoal biscuit has also been marketed as a pet
care product.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-15"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[16]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Fuel storage</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research is being done testing
various activated carbons' ability to store </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">natural gas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_gas" title="Hydrogen gas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hydrogen gas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. The porous material acts like a sponge for different types
of gasses. The gas is attracted to the carbon material via </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_forces" title="Van der Waals forces"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Van der Waals forces</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Some carbons have been able to achieve bonding energies of
5–10 kJ per mol. The gas may then be desorbed when subjected to higher
temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas
extracted for use in a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell" title="Hydrogen fuel cell"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hydrogen fuel cell</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Gas storage in activated carbons is an appealing gas
storage method because the gas can be stored in a low pressure, low mass, low
volume environment that would be much more feasible than bulky on board
compression tanks in vehicles. The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">United
States Department of Energy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> has
specified certain goals to be achieved in the area of research and development
of nano-porous carbon materials. As of yet all of the goals are yet to be
satisfied but numerous institutions, including the ALL-CRAFT program</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-16"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[17]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
are continuing to conduct work in this promising field.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Gas purification</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Filters with activated carbon are
usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> vapors, odors, and other </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hydrocarbons</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
from the air. The most common designs use a 1 stage or 2 stage filtration
principle in which activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media.
Activated charcoal is also used in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacesuit" title="Spacesuit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">spacesuit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Life_Support_System" title="Primary Life Support System"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Primary
Life Support Systems</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Activated charcoal filters are
used to retain radioactive gases from a nuclear boiling water reactor turbine
condenser. The air vacuumed from the condenser contains traces of radioactive
gases. The large charcoal beds adsorb these gases and retain them while they
rapidly decay to non-radioactive solid species. The solids are trapped in the
charcoal particles, while the filtered air passes through.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chemical
purification</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon is commonly used to
purify solutions containing un-wanted colored impurities such as during a
recrystallization procedure in Organic Chemistry.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Distilled alcoholic beverage purification</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">See also: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process" title="Lincoln County Process"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lincoln County Process</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon filters can be used
to filter </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">vodka</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey" title="Whiskey"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">whiskey</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">organic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
impurities which can affect color, taste, and odor. Passing an organically
impure vodka through an activated carbon filter at the proper flow rate will
result in vodka with an identical alcohol content and significantly increased
organic purity, as judged by odor and taste.<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Mercury scrubbing</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon, often impregnated
with iodine or sulfur, is widely used to trap mercury emissions from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">coal-fired
power stations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, medical </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">incinerators</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
and from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">natural gas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> at the wellhead. This carbon is a specialty product costing
more than US$4.00 per kg. However, it is often not recycled.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Disposal in the USA after absorbing mercury</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The mercury laden activated carbon
presents a disposal dilemma.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-17"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[18]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
If the activated carbon contains less than 260 ppm mercury, Federal regulations
allow it to be stabilized (for example, trapped in concrete) for landfilling.<sup>[</sup></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">citation
needed</span></sup></i></a><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">]</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> However, waste containing greater than 260 ppm is
considered to be in the high mercury subcategory and is banned from landfilling
(Land-Ban Rule).<sup>[</sup></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">citation
needed</span></sup></i></a><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">]</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> It is this material which is now accumulating in warehouses
and in deep abandoned mines at an estimated rate of 1000 tons per year.<sup>[</sup></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">citation
needed</span></sup></i></a><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">]</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The problem of disposal of mercury
laden activated carbon is not unique to the U.S. In the Netherlands this
mercury is largely recovered<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup>
and the activated carbon is disposed of by complete burning.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Regeneration</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The regeneration of activated
carbons involves restoring the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adsorptive capacity</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
of saturated activated carbon by desorbing adsorbed contaminants on the
activated carbon surface.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Thermal regeneration</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The most common regeneration
technique employed in industrial processes is thermal regeneration.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-19"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[20]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
The thermal regeneration process generally follows three steps<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-sabio-20">[21]</a></sup>:</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adsorbent drying at approximately 105 °C</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">High temperature desorption and decomposition (500–900°C)
under an inert atmosphere</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Residual organic gasification by an oxidising gas
(steam or carbon dioxide) at elevated temperatures (800°C)</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The heat treatment stage utilises
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic" title="Exothermic"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">exothermic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
nature of adsorption and results in desorption, partial </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking_%28chemistry%29" title="Cracking (chemistry)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cracking</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">polymerization</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
of the adsorbed organics. The final step aims to remove charred organic residue
formed in the porous structure in the previous stage and re-expose the porous
carbon structure regenerating its original surface characteristics. After
treatment the adsorption column can be reused. Per adsorption-thermal
regeneration cycle between 5–15 wt% of the carbon bed is burnt off resulting in
a loss of adsorptive capacity.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-21"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[22]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Thermal regeneration is a high energy process due to the high required
temperatures making it both an energetically and commercially expensive
process.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-sabio-20"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[21]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Plants that rely on thermal regeneration of activated carbon have to be of a
certain size before it is economically viable to have regeneration facilities
onsite. As a result it is common for smaller waste treatment sites to ship
their activated carbon cores to a specialised facility for regeneration,
increasing the process' already significant </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">carbon footprint</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-22"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[23]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Activated carbon used in consumer
devices such as oil deep fryers or air and water filters can similarly be
reactivated using commonly available heating appliances such as a baking oven,
toaster oven, or simply a propane torch.<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The carbon is
removed from any paper or plastic containers that could melt or ignite, and
heated to vaporize and/or burn off contaminants.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Other regeneration techniques</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Current concerns with the high
energy/cost nature of thermal regeneration of activated carbon has encouraged
research into alternative regeneration methods to reduce the environmental
impact of such processes. Though several of the regeneration techniques cited
have remained areas of purely academic research, some alternatives to thermal
regeneration systems have been employed in industry. Current alternative
regeneration methods are:</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chemical and solvent regeneration</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-23"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[24]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Microbial regeneration</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-24"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[25]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_Regeneration" title="Electrochemical Regeneration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Electrochemical
regeneration</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-25"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[26]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ultrasonic regeneration</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-26"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[27]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wet air oxidation</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#cite_note-27"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[28]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Source:wikipedia</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEtQAngYawwce_wmiJC_Y-vt379ITStI1dSmAcjE1_-Wqthy4oXgyhuQpGoc62T63Db-YagzlyM9KJe5YZ_vrZ6SVyepn3S_2GQzUFk1gUIWoALKbUM7m6BSgR7laTD3N2q70bDvj1Rvk/s463/research.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEtQAngYawwce_wmiJC_Y-vt379ITStI1dSmAcjE1_-Wqthy4oXgyhuQpGoc62T63Db-YagzlyM9KJe5YZ_vrZ6SVyepn3S_2GQzUFk1gUIWoALKbUM7m6BSgR7laTD3N2q70bDvj1Rvk/s400/research.jpg" width="343" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Description</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">:</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">Activated carbon</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">has been known</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">since the first,</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">has the ability</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">to absorb</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">undesirable</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">From the</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">description</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">above</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">,</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">made</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">the drafting of</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">AIDS research</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">.</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">Where</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">problems</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">are</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">found</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">"</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">the extent to which</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">the ability</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">of activated
carbon</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">to absorb</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">the HIV</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">virus</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">in the blood</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">.</span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">"</span><br /><span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">Research</span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">scheme</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">, starting</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">from the</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">researchers propose</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">the proposal</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">"The impact
of</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">active</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">carbon</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">in people with</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">HIV</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">" to the</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">health care team</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">.</span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">If approved</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">then</span></span> <span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">performed</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">a medical</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">act</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">to</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">persons with HIV</span></span>
<span class="hps"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">by paramedics</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">By: Muchsin Faisol Effendie </span></span>
</div>
Spiritual Journeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09303915333851854237noreply@blogger.com0